Columbia Communities Project oral histories, 1999-2000

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (26 pages). Lisa Hubbard was also present during the interview.

Topics on Tape 1: Personal background—photography—Columbia Gorge Gallery; Vista program—description; Cascade Indian family history—Kalliah—Tumulth; Native Americans in the area; identity issues—as Caucasian—as Native American; Columbia Gorge protection—land use issues in the Gorge; discrimination; Indian fishing sites—in lieu fishing sites for compensation; Bonneville Dam; Friends of the Columbia Gorge; Native American leaders—Johnny Jackson—Louis and Lillian Pitt—Tumulth—Nelson Lilitum.

Topics on Tape 2: Teninos; Warm Springs; Columbia Gorge Discovery Center; Columbia Gorge Interpretive Center; Center for Columbia River History Websites.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (16 pages).

Topics on Tape 1: Family background—Greek heritage; mill strike—strikebreaker; ethnic groups in Camas—Mexicans—Italians—African-American; Greek Orthodox Church; Union at the mill; working at the mill; working at Kaiser—pay scale compared to mill; Camas coffee shop—The Dixieland; Camas Days celebration—Western Days; Okies move in.

Topics on Tape 2: Bonneville Dam; use of the Columbia River—for the mill—recreation—transportation; Camas identity.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (13 pages).

Topics include: Moving to Camas; Washougal River; working for Camas School Board; involvement with the United Camas Association of Neighborhoods (UNAC)—Lakeview and Lacamas Lake—being a "rabble-rouser" on environmental issues—changes in Camas over the years; Prune Hill—development fees—congestion; Fort James—Crown Zellerbach—attitude towards the mill; Bonneville Dam—effect on the Columbia River; the Pendleton Woolen Mills; Clark County's Citizens in Action; environmentalists; Lacamas Shores; UCAN—the conservancy zone—Goot Park—people involved with issues.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (11 pages).

Topics include: Family history; San Joaquin Valley; education—Delta College; move to Camas, 1976; the Camas mill—race issues—initiation of new workers—Vietnamese refugee workers—gender issues on the job—the union—the self-managed workforce; environmental issues—smell of chemicals; living in Camas; going to Nigeria.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (18 pages).

Topics on Tape 1 include: Starting on the number five paper machine; Association of Western Pulp and Paper Workers—Local 5—International Paperworkers Union—the Pulp and Sulfite union— tension among families—autonomy from the larger unions; Pulp and Paper Workers' Resource Council; environmental issues—spotted owl; environmental regulations; mechanization and modernization of the mills; job preservation; exporting raw materials; Fort James; Crown Zellerbach; Weyerhaeuser; Asian markets—log sales; strikes and lockouts.

Topics on Tape 2 include: Changes in Camas with high tech—downsizing the company; the United Brotherhood of Paperworkers—pace—age of the work force; minorities and equal opportunity; Columbia River and dioxin pollution—the cluster rules—water levels; Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and women's rights—improvement in working standards—safety issues—hazardous chemicals—MSDS labels; shift work; work schedules.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (7 pages).

Topics include: Move to Camas—impressions, 1963; work available in the area; history of Camas paper mill—Crown Zellerbach—James River—Fort James—Georgia Pacific; community economic dependence on the mill; soliciting businesses to move to Camas; housing developments in the area—Prune Hill—Grass Valley—Lacamas Shores; balancing environment with growth; economic and racial diversity in Camas; community character—as an independent, small town; Camas school system—effects of growth; I-205 impact to community; the role of the mill in a diversified economy; the United Camas Association of Neighborhoods—organizing—involvement; Camas school district—superintendents.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (19 pages).

Topics on Tape 1 include: Move from Seattle to Portland, Oregon; racism in the North and South; military draft—Vietnam; racism in the military; disabled veterans; Delayed Stress Syndrome; applying for a job at the paper mill in Camas, Washington; buying a house in Camas; finding a mentor; racism at the mill; meal tickets; the union; interracial marriage in Camas; women supervisors; Project Early Bird; Urban League; strike at the mill; Asians at the mill.

Topics on Tape 2 include: Work at the mill—red tagged—Kraft Mill Department—first cook—diversity; moving to Vancouver and raising an interracial family.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (9 pages).

Topics include: North Portland, Oregon—childhood—changes; biographical information; University Homes; Vanport, Oregon; World War II; 1996 Flood; sternwheelers and steamers—Portland—Jean—Henderson—Columbia Gorge—Queen of the West; Jack Taylor; Fred Meyer Trust; Oregon Maritime Museum; Shaver Transportation; Columbia River pilots; barges; tugboats; Vancouver, Washington; Crown Zellerbach—log rafting; Camas, Washington; post-World War II shipping industry; tugboats—Valiant—Captain George—Chinook; work as towboat operator; George Shaver; transportation and hauling goods on the Columbia River; ship size—container ships—yachts; accidents on the Columbia River; interest in river work.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (10 pages).

Topics include: biographical information—Sparks, Nebraska; move to Portland, Oregon; father's work; Whitaker Ponds—description—wildlife—landscape change—pollution; Columbia Boulevard—agriculture—Japanese Americans—Okazaki family; truck farming; work as photo engraver—American Engraving Company; Oregon Printing Plates; Vanport flood; Jantzen Beach Amusement Park; southeast Portland—industrial development; Columbia Boulevard—sewage—industrial development; Krueger Family; Whitaker School—fire; regional government—Metro—negotiations regarding property; Metro Greenspaces—Whitaker Ponds Greenspace.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (17 pages).

Topics include: biographical information; Multnomah Drainage District #1—geographic boundaries; drainage districts—history—pumping systems—dredging—filling—changes; Columbia Slough—geography—landscape—as a managed system—irrigation; Reclamation Act—effects; formation of drainage districts; Sauvies Island; Port of Portland, 1930s—airport; lakes near Columbia Slough; Vanport, Oregon; Vanport Flood (1948)—levy breach—levy construction; Heron Lakes Golf Course—history; Portland International Airport—history; Sandy Drainage District; Peninsula Drainage District; Kaiser Aluminum; decision-making regarding land after the Vanport Flood; Port of Portland—Portland International Airport, 1960s; city of Portland—boundaries; Columbia Slough—combined sewer overflows; Bull Run; Tualatin River—pollution; Columbia Slough—pollution—Tri-chloryletheline (TCE) contamination—Boeing; Air National Guard—pollution; flood control and development; impacts of development; Multnomah Drainage District #1—stakeholders—Gresham—Troutdale—Fairview—Wood Village—Multnomah County—property owners; Multnomah Drainage District #1—maintenance and operations; Glen Jackson bridge—construction—environmental impact—history; I-205—runoff disposal; Columbia South Shore—industrial development; Airport Way expansion; Government Island; Portland International Airport—airplane de-icing—pollution and the Columbia Slough—environmental regulations; social composition—farmers; Columbia Slough—management issues—water quality—temperature—vegetation—natural areas; Dave Hendricks.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (30 pages).

Topics on Tape 1: Biographical information; move to Portland, Oregon; father's employment; built home in St. Johns; Albers Milling Company—mother's employment; earthquake (1961?); description of St. Johns, 1920s—recreation as a child; Willamette River and lakes—fishing—recreation; Ramsey Lake; Bybee Lake; Smith Lake; Five Mile Lake; Columbia Slough—fishing; Ogden Slough; Arrowhead Bend; Sitton Elementary School; Wesco writing; schools—Williams—James John—Mrs. Hickman—Bob Sundstrom; Roosevelt High School; meeting his wife—blind date—dancing; dancing—Jantzen Beach—Glen Miller—Tommy Dorsey; Lotus Isle; Great Depression—St. Johns; neighborhoods—alienation—historic cohesion; Arrowhead Bend; childhood memories of the Columbia Slough—boating—undertow—drowning; brother-in-law building dikes around the Columbia Slough; Fern Keels; Columbia Slough—changes in the landscape; West Coast Concentrate; White Star Concentrate; Bob Seufert; Johnny Todd; St. Johns Bridge dedication; St. Johns Ferry; Bob Catrennace; Oregonian route (paper route); Oregon Convention, 1959; joining the Oddfellows; Oddfellows activities.

Topics on Tape 2: Recreation on the Columbia Slough; Vanport flood; Three Corner Lake; Columbia Slough—pollution; Bybee Lake (St. Johns Landfill); childhood—earning money—Bob Katrinas—recycling; Terminal Four—changes in the landscape; North Bank Highway; St. Johns Depot (railroad station); Star Cannery; agriculture—truck farming—in North Portland; North Oswego; Oregon Journal route; Lombard; St. Johns Hardware; Mr. Butnik; City Lake; Willamette River; Nuthaven—Columbia Grain Incorporated; Willamette Slough; development in North Portland; Five Mile Lake—recreation; Ramsey Lake; Ogden Slough; Shaver Transportation; Lando Lake—Albers Milling Company—Triangle Building Company; Frenchie Bozy's Lake; Kelly Point Park; Union Pacific; duck hunting; Smith Lake; logging on the Columbia Slough; North Portland Road; Suttle Road; St. Johns Woods; Pier Park; Black Woods; county road; Ledbetter.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (18 pages).

Topics include: Biographical information; Prineville, Oregon; stagecoach ride over Grizzly Pass on the Shaniko Stage; Woodlawn Elementary School; General Electric Company—training—work in management; Guild's Lake; father, James Douglas, Montrose, Scotland (a stonemason); mother, Canadian—ran boarding house in Deadwood, South Dakota; family migration from Canada and Scotland; Woodlawn Neighborhood—social composition—African American family (formerly enslaved)—Europeans—Dutch—Scot—German—Irish; Captain Henry Vaknockin (Willamette Riverboat pilot); description of streets—gravel; occupations of neighbors; streetcar transportation—Woodlawn cars—Vancouver cars—Union Avenue (Martin Luther King Boulevard); Vancouver Ferry—description of route to ferry landing; Vancouver Avenue—naming; Columbia River—description; marriage and family; meeting his wife; entrepreneurial activities—Woodlawn Theater—Woodlawn Athletic Club; work ethic; competition regarding building the St. Johns Bridge and the Sellwood Bridge; Council Crest—streetcar—amusement park; recreation on the Columbia Slough; changes in the St. Johns neighborhood—landscape—ethnicity; neighborhood police; self-sufficiency—chickens—gardens; swimming in the Columbia Slough; Renee's Lake; farming—truck gardening—North Portland; dairy farms; hog ranch; boating on the Columbia Slough and Willamette River; tidal effect on Columbia Slough; Jantzen Beach—as Columbia Beach—amusement park; Vancouver Railway Company; changes in street names (Woodlawn); building changes (Woodlawn); Sullivan's Gulch—Hooverville; reflections.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (14 pages).

Topics include: Family history—Mount Angel—Northwest Portland; father, Columbia Steel Casting Company; mother, worked in box factory; sister, Virginia Griffith; Great Depression—Kenton Neighborhood, Portland, Oregon—agriculture—roads—lack of work; father, black lung disease; Catholic education in Kenton; Portland high schools—private and public; description of home in Kenton; Prohibition—moonshiner; Italian family, Lassetto; Kenton Neighborhood description, 1930s; grocery stores; life as a teenager in Kenton; recreation on the Columbia Slough; golf courses and waterways; sawmills—Denver Avenue—Willamette River—cedar mills; tugboats; logging; Vanport flood (1948); Kelly Point Park; family activities—Kenton; Vanport City; Columbia University Homes; post-flood—lumber salvage; Columbia Slough—recreation—fishing—wildlife—landscape—pollution (slaughterhouses)—industry—future; Porky's; Schmeer Road; combined sewer overflows (CSOs); development—Delta Park complex; industry in North Portland; waterway pollution—social impacts; Swift & Company; World War II—activities; Smith & Bybee Lake Restoration Program; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Port of Portland; reflections—Slough access; Columbia Slough Regatta.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (10 pages).

Topics include: Biographical information; Vanport College—describes; Vanport flood—experience; Columbia Slough—boating—Burlington—fishing—log rafts—pollution; Citizen's Advisory Committee for Multnomah County; land use; Kaiser Shipyards; work in shipyards; Gunderson Brothers—World War II—types of ships—pay; reflections on the Columbia Slough.

Audio recording only.

Topics include: Family migration to Portland, Oregon, early 1900s; Arlington Place—lived with grandmother; parents' occupations; parents' divorce; childhood in North Portland—during Great Depression—description of landscape—shopping on Lombard at Piggly Wiggly Store—in Kenton—buildings; high school experiences—recreation—downtown Portland—work; transportation—trolleys—streetcars; reflections on kids today; worked in Japan; return to Portland; meeting George Mitchoff in Portsmouth; moving to Kenton, 1961—demographic description—Tierney family—Anderson family; Columbia Slough—Regatta—picking berries—dikes—attitudes toward—fishing in the Slough—demographics; childhood recollections; Vanport flood—rumors; community change—impact of traffic—fewer industries (slaughterhouses)—Armor—Swift & Company; Jantzen Beach—description; experiences in North Portland; pollution in the Slough.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (13 pages).

Topics include: Move from Birmingham, Alabama, to Vanport, Oregon; Vanport—as a child—description—discrimination—post war; closing the shipyards; father's work in the shipyards; mother's work; parents' separation; Vanport flood—description of day—loss to family; post-flood housing at Swan Island and Guild's Lake; post-flood experience—discrimination; Columbia Slough experiences—recreation—swimming—pollution (slaughterhouses)—fish—changes since childhood; impact of fishing in North Portland—contamination; Mrs. Hazel Hill, teacher; politics—personal attitudes; political work to clean up the Slough; starting Whitaker Ponds project; Columbia Slough pollution and industrialization—recognition of—Port of Portland, de-icing at Portland International Airport; reflections—future of the Slough; impact of pollution on African American community; environmental coalition; fishing on the Slough—Russians—Vietnamese—African Americans; Albina; Vanport—African American police officers—Mr. Jesse—Mr. Travis—Mr. Matt Dishman.

Audio recording and transcript (10 pages).

Topics on Tape 1: Biographical information; truck farming, fruit stand, and grocery store in North Portland; work at the store while attending Jefferson High School; women and work; World War II—effect on family; relocation—property issues—moving day; Pacific International Livestock Exposition (Portland Assembly Center)—description of quarters—teaching—work—food—housing; Minidoka Relocation Camp—description—experiences; Tule Lake—transportation—husband's experience; World War II—experiences—return to Portland, Oregon—re-opening the grocery store—family participation in U.S. military—father's response—brother's return from military service.

Topics on Tape 2: Vanport, Oregon—race relations; Vanport flood; work as an aide at James John School; work as a bookkeeper at Madison High School; retirement—going back to school at Portland State University—writing a book, U.S. Citizens Behind Barbed Wire—other activities.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (6 pages).

Topics include: Family history; farming on the Columbia Slough; recollections of the Great Depression; Vanport flood (1948)—impact to cannery—impact to crops—cleanup; farming on the Columbia Slough—challenges—canneries—crops; industrialization on the Columbia Slough; move to Sauvie Island; farmer's market; World War II experiences on the homefront; Sauvie Island Ferry; future plans for family property.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (8 pages).

Topics include: Family history; St. Johns—early 1900s; Salvation Army band; Dr. Graves; Columbia Boulevard—description, 1920s; Five Mile Lake—swimming; Lotus Island; Jantzen Beach; George School; Roosevelt High School; picking blackberries; Vanport flood, 1948; Three Corner (Triangle) Lake; World War II—acted as block warden; North Portland—race relations—childhood recreation; Columbia Slough—recreation—houseboats—safety (drowning); child care; domestic activities; St. Johns Bridge dedication; lion in St. Johns (Chatauqua); home construction on top of cemetery at Mears Street and McCrum; attitudes toward Native Americans; family relations; North Portland Road.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (9 pages).

Topics include: Biographical information; military experience—airborne communications; African Americans in the U.S. military; Columbia Slough—awareness of—pollution and industry; environmental degradation and minority communities; Don Frances; Nina Bell; signs on the Columbia Slough; relations between the city of Portland and community groups; fishing on the Columbia Slough—contamination; grassroots education efforts—Asian community—Russian community; Environmental Justice Advocacy Group (EJAG); environmental movement and minorities; Willamette River Keepers; video—"The Water in Our Backyard"; connections between race, class, and pollution; combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and fishing; Black United Front—community livability—philosophies (equality); Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ); activism—environmental conference in Brazil—minority concerns; Harlem, New York—United Nations tour—pollution; balancing jobs and environmental concerns.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (11 pages).

Topics include: Multnomah Drainage District #1—operations—crossdikes; protected communities—Troutdale—Fairview—Gresham—Wood Village—Multnomah County; floodplains; role of the Columbia Slough in the Multnomah County Drainage District; pump stations—district management; Slough maintenance; flood control; Multnomah Drainage District #1 involvement with—Columbia Slough Watershed Council—city of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services—Oregon Department of Environmental Quality—Port of Portland—Governor's Watershed Council—Neighborhood Associations—environmental groups—U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; environmental legislation; total maximum daily loads (TMDLs); environmental regulations; Columbia Slough sediment contamination (DDT, DDE); combined sewer overflows (CSOs); wetland maintenance; development and fill by Multnomah Drainage District #1; non-native, invasive species management; Columbia Steel Castings—fill proposal; economic development on the Columbia Slough; wildlife on the Columbia Slough; U.S. Department of Fish & Wildlife; levies—erosion—inspection—design—impact of wind—innovations—weak links; landscape change on the Columbia Slough; 1996 Flood—response by Multnomah Drainage District #1—Marine Drive closure—problems—labor force—landslides—recovery; Federal Emergency Management Act (FEMA); Upper Columbia Slough; Middle Columbia Slough; culvert maintenance by private landowners; Heron Lakes Golf Course; Portland International Raceway; Vanport, Oregon; Bridgeton levy.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (13 pages).

Topics include: Obtaining job at the Bureau of Environmental Services; background and education; first recollections of the Columbia Slough; role of the Bureau of Environmental Services (BES) in managing the Columbia Slough; Northwest Environmental Advocates lawsuit; Clean Water Act; North Portland sewers; Bob Koch—plans to improve the Slough; water quality; Columbia Slough Watershed Council (CSWC)—formation—organization—rules—challenges—successes; stakeholders in the CSWC—Pam Arden—Michael Houck—Don Frances—Steve Hawkins—Deanna Hinton—Anne Nickel (Columbia Corridor Association)—Chris Noble (Fairview Lake)—Greg Malarkey (Malarkey Roofing)—Chuck Harrison (Halten Company)—commercial interests; City of Portland involvement with creating the CSWC; Pam Wiley; Americorps participation on the Slough; CSWC projects; Slough Fish Health Advisory; Black United Front; warning signs on the Slough; Kelly Point Park; race relations on the Slough; sign translation—Spanish—Russian—Vietnamese—Cambodian—Lao; fishing on the Slough—contamination; distribution of information regarding health risks—involvement of Hispanic Access Center and International Refugee Center; safe fish preparation; Multnomah County Health Department recommendations; development and industrialization on the Slough; Airport Way; Rivergate; combined sewer overflows; environmental regulations and the city of Portland; St. Johns Landfill—Expanded Wastewater Treatment Plant; Sediment Project (Buffalo Slough Sediment Study); reflections on future of the Slough; Clean Rivers website.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (14 pages).

Topics include: Biographical information; recollections of Blue Lake and Fairview Lake in the late 1960s; flood control on the Columbia Slough—impact on Fairview Lake; changes in Fairview Lake; dredging at Fairview Lake; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Multnomah Drainage District #1; Blue Lake; sediment contamination in Fairview Lake (DDT, DDE, chlordane, deleldrin); Buffalo Slough Sediment Study; Fairview Creek—alteration—fill; Federal Emergency Management Act (FEMA); 1996 Flood; George Taylor; letter of map revision (LOMAR); flooding on Fairview Lake; Fairview Lake Dam—construction; Gresham Sewage Treatment Plant; earthquake fault line—Marine Drive—Blue Lake—Fairview Lake; Oregon LCDC goals; city of Portland Flood and Landslide Hazard Mitigation Plan (October 1996); importance of wetlands; developing environmental consciousness; development around Fairview Lake; Union Pacific Railroad; citizen activism; City of Portland well fields; loss of species—Western Pond Turtles; Blue Heron; Osborne Creek; Homer Campbell—fish (Coho) in Fairview Lake; habitat restoration; effectiveness as citizen advocate; Columbia River Plan, Ordinance 234; Columbia Slough Watershed Council; Friends of Blue and Fairview Lake.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (25 pages).

Topics on Tape 1: Biographical information; move to Portland, Oregon; first recollections of the Columbia Slough; Susan Barthel; Michael Houck; Columbia Slough Watershed Council; Citizen's Advisory Committee; combined sewer overflows (CSOs); Wastewater Treatment Plant Citizen's Advisory Committee; North Portland Neighborhood—citizen affairs—lightrail—planning; Ed Washington; Charlie Hale; Portland International Center (PIC); mitigation sites on the Columbia Slough; radio towers—negotiations—activism; West Hayden Island; Portland International Raceway (PIR)—Master Plan; Peninsula Drainage District #1 (Pen 1); Natural Resources Management Plan; wildlife on the Columbia Slough; natural areas near the Columbia Slough; Smith & Bybee Lakes; Port of Portland; Port commissioners; North Marine Drive—opposition to development; airport de-icing; Troy Clark; Marine Drive Expansion; jail project; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; filling wetlands; NIMBY; Adolphson & Associates; Kenton Neighborhood—relationship to Columbia Slough; Forest Lake; Oregon Division of State Lands (DSL); Metro Greenspaces; non-native, invasive vegetation on the Columbia Slough—canary reed grass—purple loosestrife—Amalia blackberries; philosophies regarding citizen activism; Dave Hendricks; Multnomah Drainage District #1; City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services; Bridgeton; golf courses—certified by Audubon Society—pollution; dredging.

Topics on Tape 2: City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services; land use planning; Columbia Corridor Association; commercial interests on the Slough; community activism—cooperation; Mike Houck and activism; Exposition Center; Joe Ingles; work with Kenton Neighborhood Association; North Lightrail; Metro Regional Government; Ed Washington; North Portland summit; Rex Burkholder; Columbia Slough politics; City of Portland Bureau of Planning; Dave Hendricks; Bob Groncznack (Multnomah Drainage District #1 manager); North Portland development and industrialization; Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT); North Marine Drive; Hayden Meadows; Jantzen Beach; airport de-icing; Columbia Slough activism—successes—challenges; sewage treatment plant; total maximum daily loads (TMDLs); Ramsey Lake; habitat restoration; purple loosestrife summit; clearing vegetation; ecosystem management—insects; river management; development of environmental awareness—father an environmentalist, 1960s; KPFA radio; radical politics; political transformation, Carmel, California; perspectives—on art—on nature; work ethics; inheritance—Socialist and Protestant ethics; Troy Clark; Audubon Society; attitudes toward the environment—Columbia Slough—politics; Lower Columbia River Estuary Program; Friends of Smith & Bybee Lakes; Port of Portland; Brian Campbell.

Audio recording, incomplete transcript (15 pages), color photograph of Emily Roth and Troy Clark, and photocopy of Smith & Bybee Lakes pamphlet.

Topics on Tape 1: Geography of the North Slough; water control structure to link Smith & Bybee Lakes—dam, built 1982; Blind Slough; St. Johns Landfill—relation to waterways—and Columbia Slough—and pollutants—and wildlife—and future; management of Smith & Bybee Lakes; Columbia River floodplain; Pearcy Lake; Ramsey Lake; bird watching; water levels; avian botulism; 1996 flood—impact to Slough—and St. Johns Landfill; efforts for dam removal at Smith Lake; non-native, invasive vegetation—Yellow Iris—reed canary grass—purple loosestrife; habitat destruction; Multnomah County Drainage District #1—levies; habitat on the Slough; pollution on the Slough; combined sewer overflows (CSOs); City of Portland and the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality; Buffalo Slough Sediment Study; pollutants (PCBs, DDT); citizen response to local, state and federal agencies; use of methane gas from landfill at Ashgrove Cement; Forty Mile Loop; regional environmental management—Metro; Leadbetter Peninsula—filling wetlands; founding of the Friends of Smith & Bybee Lakes; Jim Morgan; St. Johns Neighborhood Association; public participation in decision-making; Mike Burton, Metro executive director; Marine Drive project—public opposition to industrial development; Port of Portland; jail on the Slough; Multnomah County relationship with Friends of Smith & Bybee Lakes; Rivergate; radio towers; citizen activism; Friends supporters—CSWC—Audubon Society—Wetlands Conservancy.

Topics on Tape 2: Interviewer and narrator move to boat launch area near St. Johns Landfill, on the Slough. Waterway restoration—Halton Company—Atlas—Copco Wagner; Columbia Slough Regatta—view illegal fill; Oregon Division of State Lands (DSL); fishing in the Slough; pollution in the Slough; signs on the Slough—Hmong—Vietnamese—eastern Europeans—Cambodian—Cyrillic Russian; contaminated fish; wildlife in the City of Portland (deer track on the Slough); wildlife corridors; Columbia Delta; Columbia Corridor.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (15 pages).

Topics include: Biographical information; professional life—television; neighborhood involvement—causes; Kenton Neighborhood Association—involvement—community representation—community outreach; rowing park on the Columbia Slough; neighborhood relationship to the Slough; Columbia Slough Watershed Council involvement; organizations involved with the Columbia Slough—Bureau of Environmental Services—Friends of Smith & Bybee Lakes—Audubon Society; historic changes in the Slough; light rail—North Interstate Max—attitudes toward; community vision—Kenton Action Plan; Denver Avenue—crime; businesses leaving Kenton; stores in Kenton—Safeway—Fred Meyer—poor produce; class divisions; housing costs, 1990s; Kenton neighborhood—crime—code enforcement—use of nuisance laws—landlord notification—safety—history of—changes in—community response; attitudes toward North Portland; environmental racism—and automobile exhaust—and location of the St. Johns Landfill; Houston, Texas—lack of services; transportation issues; Fourth of July concerts—Kenton neighborhood; community recreation; urban renewal; property values; rental properties—Kenton; Columbia Slough Regatta—description of—agencies involved—history of; Columbia Slough—pollution—fishing.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (14 pages).

Topics on Tape 1: Biographical information; education; involvement with the Columbia Slough; Northwest Environmental Advocates—lawsuit; Columbia Slough—sediment contamination—and Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ)—and combined sewer overflows (CSOs)—and fishing—and race relations—and swimming—and toxicity—and science; Columbia Slough Sediment Project; citizen groups and environmental action; impressions of the Slough; Susan Barthel; Michael Houck; Columbia Corridor Association—Edna Cahoo; Bureau of Environmental Services—and business—and public perception; Columbia Slough Watershed Council; fishing on the Columbia Slough—and community education—and immigrants (Hispanic—Eastern European—Russian—Romanian—Southeast Asian)—and African Americans—and health risks—and economic issues (class)—and risk reducing methods—and Oregon Health Department recommendations—and community response—and women; International Refugee Center of Oregon (IRCO); Don Frances; funding community outreach efforts; cancer risks from contaminated fish; PCBs; toxicity and human health.

Topics on Tape 2: Vision for future of the Columbia Slough; challenge and obstacles in working on Slough issues; environmental racism; community outreach efforts—and Asian culture—and the Columbia Slough Watershed Council.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (7 pages).

Topics include: Kenton—description of—changes in—decline in; Columbia Slough—and industry—and pollution—and description of (1940s)—and cleanup; Columbia Boulevard; Pacific International Livestock Exposition—description of (1940s); Red Steer Café; Vanport, Oregon—description of—transportation; Jantzen Beach; Denver Avenue; Vanport flood—description after flood—and dikes in North Portland; Kenton Businessmen's Club; Oregon Centennial (1959); Paul Bunyan statue in Kenton; North Portland Business Association; Kenton Action Plan; North Portland businesses—Beal Tank & Pipe—Malarkey, M&M Woodworking; Kenton Machine Works—impact of industrial demise—and changes in machine shops—and globalization; light rail.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (11 pages).

Topics include: Biographical information; involvement with environmental issues; Audubon Society—response in North Portland; Metro Greenspaces—and the Columbia Slough—and the Forty Mile Loop—history of—and Houck's involvement—and regional parks management—and individuals involved with inception—and the Audubon Society; Columbia Slough—and image—and North Portland—and toxic sediments—and development; Upper Columbia Slough—Alice Blatt—Alice Cohen—Sherman Cohen; Fairview Lake—Jane Graybill; Peter Tenow—and Audubon Society; youth in Portland; Susan Chandler; first awareness of the Columbia Slough; Smith & Bybee Lakes—and development—and pollution; Brian Campbell, Port of Portland; Mike Burton; Mikey Jones; Rivergate—the Biddle estate—Willamette University; Dave Marshall; Tom McAllister; Wild in the City; Columbia Slough Watershed Council; Troy Clark; regional natural resources management; Forty Mile Loop—history of—and Olmsted; Metro 20-40 Growth Management Plan; regional waterways—Fanno Creek—Johnson Creek; Bureau of Environmental Services; Columbia Slough Watershed Council; fishing in the Slough; Don Frances; Slough politics—and the Port of Portland—and Rivergate; Kelly Point Park; change in image for the Columbia Slough; Pam Arden; environmental politics—and Bud Clark—and adopting the blue heron as Portland's city bird—and Metro Goal 5; natural habitat corridor.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (16 pages).

Topics on Tape 1: Childhood—and environmental consciousness—and environmental politics; family work on Amchitka Nuclear Blast; interest in water quality issues; report on water quality in the Columbia River; Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)—305 reports; Clean Water Act—enforcement of—and citizen suits; National Estuary Program; Governor Barbara Roberts; Lower Columbia River Estuary Program—and Willamette River—and Columbia Slough; involvement with Northwest Environmental Advocates (NWEA)—called Coalition for Safe Power; Reed College; recollections of the Columbia Slough; Mikey Jones; Kelly Point Park; Combined sewer overflows (CSOs); Riverwatch; fishing in the Slough—and race—and Oregon Department of Environmental Quality; Toxic Waters Map—agency response—and the Oregonian—and environmental racism; Fred Hansen; environmental politics—and government inertia; contamination in the Columbia Basin; community outreach—and warning signs on the Columbia Slough—and Richard Brown, Black United Front—and the City of Portland; Willamette River cleanup; relations between the City of Portland's Bureau of Environmental Services and Northwest Environmental Advocates; Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); Columbia Slough Sediment Project; the Slough as a Superfund site; NWEA lawsuit; significance of citizen action suits; environmental legislation—and government commitments; total maximum daily loads (TMDLs); Environmental Quality Commission; Multnomah County Drainage District #1 (MDD#1)—and implementing environmental regulations.

Topics on Tape 2: Clean Water Act—enforcement—as a starting point for action; Port of Portland—political power—de-icing fluids; combined sewer overflows (CSOs); Columbia Slough—critical issues—contamination—vision for future; Lower Columbia estuary; Columbia Slough Watershed Council—composition; Columbia Slough Regatta; Northwest Environmental Advocates—activities.

Audio recording only.

Topics include: Logging industry—moved from Olympic Peninsula; downturn in logging industry; Georgia Pacific; Weyerhaeuser; beginning the trophy shop; developing the trophy shop business; trophies—materials used—changes in materials used—how built—types; gift shop—beginnings; decision to build a hotel; hotel ownership—daughter's involvement—clientele—employees; work ethics—generational differences; community involvement and economic support; timber industry decline—lack of effect on Crha's family; community composition; Cottage Grove Chamber of Commerce; timber strike (1980s)—impacts; taxes and small business ownership; transportation—between Eugene and Cottage Grove—Lane Community College; community relationship with Eugene; changes in Cottage Grove—Walmart; purchasing locally—supporting the community; 1964 flood—brief recollection; 1996 flood—worked with Red Cross; advice to teens; outmigration from Cottage Grove; reflections.

Audio recording only; sound quality is poor.

Topics include: Move to Cottage Grove, Oregon—reasons—first recollections—residents' response; changes in community since 1991—timber industry decline; community involvement—Selection Committee—Humane Society—Silk Creek Neighbors Friendship Club; retirement—activities; Dorena Dam; 1996 flood; education in Cottage Grove—disappointment; transportation—public busing; employment opportunities—Cottage Grove—Eugene; differences between Cottage Grove and Santa Rosa; social life in Cottage Grove; development in Cottage Grove; settling into the community; snowstorm; the weather.

Audio recording only.

Topics include: Book about Hebron; Hebron settlers; impact of dams on Hebron—moving homes—buildings—property destruction—community loss; wedding anniversary in Hebron Grange Hall; community relations in Hebron; transportation changes; the Great Depression; Woodard Mill—Woodard flume—destruction of—use of flume timbers in home; Cottage Grove Lake; family life—aging—changes; domestic relations—homemaker—gardening—child rearing—canning; community relations—during illness—friendships—transience—at time of interview; Cottage Grove dam construction—flooding; Hebron Dam; dam construction—compensation; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; response to dams; expansion and development of Cottage Grove; community changes; Frank and Grace Lablue; agriculture and dairy farming; logging—father ran log rafts; electrification.

Audio recording and transcribed excerpts (14 pages).

Topics include: Dam construction—earth fill and concrete control—regulating outlets—gates—uncontrolled spillways—cress gates; storms and flooding—the 1996 flood—remote control—hundred year floods—flood control capacity—accumulated debris; recreational use at dams—camping; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; regulatory enforcement problems—strategies and solutions; user fees; Cadet Program.

Audio recording only.

Topics include: Grew up in North Douglas County—Drain—father in logging business—Bohemia— bought business; changes in the area—prices for logs and land; the dams in the area—reservoir—road built—flooding; effects of the dam—recreational opportunities; issues in the area—schools—Woodard Logging Company—accident and insurance—effects of building the freeway—downtown changes; Cottage Grove—contemporary issues—effects of environmental regulations—job loss—salvage areas—environmental groups—Native Americans—minorities—philosophies.

Audio recording only.

Topics include: Concerns for Indigenous people and the land—growing up on Grand Ronde Reservation; changes for Native Americans; racism; non-Indian values; casinos; dams; water crisis; flooding; profit motive in developing the land; burial concerns; native plants; education and indoctrination in schools; lack of community response to social issues; loss of Indigenous values; forest destruction; racial differences; recognition for Native Americans.

Audio recording only.

Topics include: Background—homemaker and mother; husband worked in the wood products industry; area before the dams—floods; uses of the dams—recreation; attraction to the area—open space; community geography—Soda Springs—London; changes in the area—bedroom community—downtown—loss of hospital; community needs—schools—adapting to changes; travel.

Audio recording only.

Topics include: Early memories of Cottage Grove and Dorena—flooding; dams—construction—removal; logging—transportation—sawmills—and independent loggers—and salvage regulations; environmentalists—protests; logging as farming; clear-cuts; mill wages; strikes; Weyerhaeuser—shutdowns—unions; changes in the area—bus line from Eugene (transportation); Bohemia Days; hospital closure; schools changing—lack of discipline.

Audio recording only.

Topics on Tape 1: Early years; Dorena Dam—floods; boardwalks in Cottage Grove; father, a dairy farmer; crop rotation; raising berries; home construction with material from old houses out of Dorena Lake; wringer washers; building the dam—pouring the cement; husband worked in the woods—choker setter—the donkey; recreation on Dorena Lake—fishing—board skiing; changes in the area; living by the dam—roar of water—fears; flooding in Glenwood—row boats in Cottage Grove; the Columbus Day storm.

Topics on Tape 2: Community growth; getting a divorce—women's issues—going to work—financial support—difficulties—support system; benefits of living in a small community.

Audio recording only.

Topics on Tape 1: Youth—the Great Depression—mill shuts—family lives in boxcars; Bradley-Woodard Lumber Company; Cottage Grove dam; Dorena Dam; effects of dam building; family's history in the area; changes in Cottage Grove over the years—effects of the freeway—economic downturn—mills close—environmental laws; changes in the forest products industry—lumber transportation—railroads—quitting school to go to work; flumes; hospital closure—government regulations for Medicare payments; Woodard Family Foundation—library project; plywood and particleboard products—finishing machines; O & C Land—history of land management—bids and sales—economizing in lumber business—kurfs made thinner—government versus private land management; unions—company management—medical benefits.

Topics on Tape 2: Old lumber companies—practices and changes—Heath Lumber Company; gyppo loggers; sale to Weyerhaeuser; log pond rotation—mixing log sizes—green chains; existing mills—tooled for small logs; future of Cottage Grove—local schools—smaller communities—education and opportunities—retirees—Middlefield Village; challenges of running a family foundation; resource management—Eastern dominance in Western United States—recreation—managing land as a crop; impact of big cities on small towns.

Audio recording only.

Topics include: Moved to the Delight Valley area in 1919—family from Albany and Leona; Cottage Grove Museum; early Cottage Grove memories—changes in the town—games children played—parades—businesses—entertainment; business college experiences; Dougherty Lumber Company—wholesale—poles for shipping—lumber stock depletion—small mill closure forces closure; lumber business today; millrace waterway; strikes; unions; logging Mt. David; effects of dam on area—Mathews Flour Mill—fording river—floods; Dorena Dam; Cottage Grove Dam; employment—as school secretary; the Great Depression—wages for baby sitting—wages at a sawmill—café work—bakery—National Recovery Act—Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC); the Cottage Grove Hotel—Buster Keaton; issues in Cottage Grove—schools—retirees—as a bedroom community for Eugene—Sera Gorda complex—freeway and bridges; historic district; downtown association; hospital; effects of growth in area.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (9 pages).

Topics include: Sandpoint business community—problems—unemployment—timber—tourism; strategies for economic growth—festivals—grants for marketing—recreational opportunities—three-legged stool (timber, tourism and light manufacturing); changes in the Sandpoint community—Coldwater Creek—retail—Kmart—Walmart; image problems from Aryan Compound and human rights issues; Ruby Ridge; Mark Fuhrman; Richard Butler; America's Promise Church; Aryan Nation parade; strategies for change—public relations campaign—Bonner County Human Rights Task Force—Chamber of Commerc response—Northwest Coalition Against Malicious Harassment; press attention—racism—Ben Stein—community response; Sandpoint Unlimited.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (10 pages).

Topics include: Aryan Nation of Hayden Lake; Northwest Coalition Against Malicious Harassment; America's Promise; Christian Identity movement; David Barley; 11th Hour Remnant Messenger; homosexuality; Aryan Nation march; minorities and racism; community response to Aryan Nations—Bill Wassmith—education and advocacy through forums; Montana Association of Churches—church statement—resistance—fears.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (12 pages).

Topics include: Issues in Sandpoint—Kootenai County Task Force—the Aryan Nations in Hayden Lake—Christian Identity Church and Dave Barley—Richard Butler—human rights issues; community involvement—Buzz Ardnt—the Northwest Coalition of Seattle—the Coalition for Human Dignity—rallies—Mark Fuhrman—racial minorities in Sandpoint—the anti-gay initiative—homophobia—PFLAG—Lewis Beam of the Ku Klux Klan arrives—public response—Sandpoint High School—web sites; goals—changing image—the Universal Declaration of Human Rights—human rights and economic justice issues—Institute for Human Rights Education.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (11 pages).

Topics include: Task Force goals—creating a hate-proof community; stakeholders—Richard Butler—the Eleventh Hour Messenger—POACT—Community Assistance League—minorities; Task Force—community activism.

Audio recording, incomplete transcript (11 pages), and one digital color photograph.

Topics include: Family background; Umatilla, Oregon Townsite; election to Tribal Board of Trustees; Leatt Joe (grandmother); Niktoway—Columbia Joe (great grandfather); Patterson, Washington; islands in the Columbia River; meaning of the word Umatilla; Inez Spino; Maude Joe; Dr. Leroy Allen—Umatilla excavation (UM-35); repatriation; tribal interest in the Umatilla townsite; traditional use of Umatilla site; Native American Graves and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA); archaeology at Umatilla—Native sentiment toward; "potholing"; Laura Kradatsky; Tribal Development Office; Antone Minthorn; Colonel Dick Kopecki; city of Umatilla and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; historic use of Umatilla townsite; city of Umatilla; Blalock Island; Tom Joe; removal of Umatillas to the reservation; George Spino; Susie Joe; Annie Joe; Dr. Bruce Rigsby; Umashaat; languages—Umatilla—Cayuse; Blood Reserve, Southern Alberta, Canada—Blackfeet; John Day Dam; language retention—cultural significance; cultural revitalization on the Umatilla Reservation.

Audio recording, incomplete transcript (18 pages), and one color digital photograph.

Topics on Tape 1: Family move to Umatilla, Oregon, from Enterprise, Oregon; dairy farming; childhood on the farm; farm description; crops raised; local dairy production—operations; dairying in Umatilla County; biography; Umatilla High School during the building of McNary Dam; family history; Umatilla Ordnance Depot; Bureau of Reclamation; irrigated agriculture—Umatilla—Hermiston—Columbia Basin; harvesting melons; small farms; agricultural base of Umatilla County; corporate farming; changes in Umatilla during building of McNary Dam—after the dam was built; work in agriculture while in high school; Umatilla Ferry; daily life around Umatilla; losing the dairy farm—replacement with rock crusher; Umatilla Sagerider's Club (rodeos); Umatilla Rodeo; impact of John Day Dam on town of Umatilla—loss of historic buildings; 4H; impact of federal funds in Umatilla; education; Umatilla School Board.

Topics on Tape 2: Education in eastern Oregon; Three Mile Dam; McNary Dam; Umatilla Basin Project; Irrigon Canal; Umatilla salmon; John Day Dam—impact on town of Umatilla.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (7 pages).

Topics include: Vanport, Oregon; military service-World War II; being a prisoner of war; move to Umatilla; city politics—Umatilla; city interaction with federal government; Oregon Irrigators Association; dam breaching—impact on Umatilla; agriculture and transportation—barging—truck traffic; work in construction; John Day Dam—impact on Umatilla; Umatilla Army Depot—incineration project—community impact; Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP)—planning in Umatilla, Oregon; Toelle, Utah; Umatilla Women's Prison—bid for prison; prisons as industry.

Audio recording, incomplete transcript (14 pages), and one color digital photograph.

Topics include: Family history—eastern Oregon; youth; joining the Army; hired at Umatilla Army Depot, 1979; experiences at depot as a child; training as a guard at the depot; chemical weapons—types of; history of the Umatilla Depot; living conditions at the depot; Ordnance, Oregon; J.J. Turteling—Turtletown; education; hiring practices at the depot; jobs held at the depot—Quality Assurance—Public Affairs—Chief of Chemical Preparedness; public perspective of the depot; Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP); depot—safety plans; chemical weapons, 1970s—public response—composition—design—effects of exposure; Operation Golden Cargo, 1988; conventional weapons—design; incineration project—history—public response; weapons storage—conditions—monitoring—safety issues—weather; World War II accident at Army Depot; wildlife at the depot; use of depot when dismantling (incinerator project) is completed; transporting ammunition; McNary Dam.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (11 pages).

Topics include: Training as an archeologist; work with USDA Forest Service; work with Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation through Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Act; impact of Columbia River dams on Native culture—eradication of place; attitudes toward Native culture; co-management; traditional philosophies; Native Americans—loss of history; cultural genocide; attitudes toward non-Indians; Treaty of 1855 (Walla Walla); intercultural communication; Native response to treaties; salmon, dams, and Native Americans; cultural significance of the Umatilla townsite; Umatilla River—salmon re-population (Umatilla Basin Project); inundation of place—cultural significance; capitalist system—impact on human community; personal attitude toward mainstream American culture; human interaction with nature; reserved treaty rights; attitudes toward treaties; youth; ancestral connection on the reservation; tribal resistance.

Audio recording, incomplete transcript (11 pages), and one color digital photograph.

Topics on Tape 1: Biographical information; move to Umatilla, 1956; truck traffic, 1950s; transportation—eastern Washington (Tri-Cities) and Oregon; drive-in restaurant; community activities—police department—City Council (1960s); John Day Dam—U.S. Army Corps of Engineers negotiations with community members—fire fighting practice in old town; Umatilla Army Depot; railroad expansion, Hinkle; wine industry—Columbia Basin; salmon counting; dams—impact on fishing; lower Umatilla—disposal of townsite; ecological protections in Oregon; landscape change near Umatilla.

Topics on Tape 2: Pivot irrigation systems; Bill McLanahan; Ray Dunn; circle irrigation.

Audio recording, incomplete transcript (14 pages), and one color digital photograph.

Topics include: Family history; Spokane, Portland, and Seattle Railway; return to Umatilla in 1969—visible changes in the landscape—townsite; interactions with Native Americans; changes in the Columbia and Umatilla rivers; Celilo Falls—Indian fishing; Umatilla Ferry; work as aquatic instructor; real estate transactions (family) in Umatilla; work at Oregonship, World War II; housing at McNary, Oregon (from World War II housing in Portland); transportation, eastern Oregon to Portland, 1930s; living on Blalock Island (1930s)—mining—description of island—growing peaches—school; Dr. Blalock; Patterson, Washington; living in Hermiston, Oregon—Umatilla Ordnance Depot; work history—Kaiser Shipyards—child care; St. Johns Neighborhood, World War II; parenting.

Audio recording, incomplete transcript (16 pages), and one color digital photograph.

Topics include: Gloria Lampkin—biographical information; Lampkin—employment at McNary Dam; McNary Dam dedication—work involved—description; McNary Townsite—description; housing during dam construction; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers—housing—operations—management; USACE district headquarters—Walla Walla District; fish facilities—ladders—operators; guards at McNary Dam; U.S. Army; Umatilla Ferry; Ian Pinkboilen; Columbia River—freezing—weather; changes in community after building McNary Dam; construction—mobility of workers; taverns; Boardman, Oregon—town removal—changes; Power City—naming contest; changes in administrative technology—working with computers; pigeon problem at McNary Dam—technological fix; dam construction—safety issues—accidents; meeting Mrs. Charles McNary; Janis Paige; Blalock Island; Pendleton Grain Growers—silos removed during John Day Dam construction.

Audio recording, incomplete transcript (10 pages), and one color digital photograph.

Topics include: Moving to Umatilla; father's work—Simplot food processing plant; family members from Mexico working during harvest season; father migrates to United States with Bracero Program; undocumented migrants; amnesty laws; Agri-Northwest—work as a teen; weeding—watermelon—wheat—onions—women; education; harvesting potatoes; Migrant Program—preschool program; labor conditions—safety; standard of living—Pacific Northwest versus San Francisco; bilingual education; teaching in Hermiston, Oregon; English Language Acquisition Program (ELAP); Latino migrants—reasons for leaving Mexico; responsibilities that come with educational success; Umatilla High School—few Latinos—dating; community changes; discrimination.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (9 pages).

Topics include: Working in agriculture, Hermiston area; apple harvest; Potlatch; work at Walmart Distribution Center; Shady Brook Lambert; attitudes toward the United States; opportunities in the United States; changes in Hermiston; agricultural work—weeding—planting—pay—topping onions; pruning apples—description—considerations—types of; agricultural work—transportation—housing—food—health care—accidents—safety (chemicals); labor issues—strategies—negotiations; education; discrimination; Western Empire; opportunities in United States—education.

Audio recording only; interview conducted in Spanish.

Topics include: Jose—family history—migration to United States; Maria—family history; migrant experience; work performed in agricultural industry; family life; work experience.

Audio recording only.

Topics include: Family history; work as a riverboat pilot on the Columbia River; navigating the Umatilla Rapids; McNary Dam; changes in Umatilla.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (7 pages). This is a recording of Stephens' recollections, based on a set of questions prepared for the Umatilla Community History Project.

Topics include: Family history; changes in the landscape—circle irrigation; changes in the weather; recollections of Old Umatilla; salmon in the Columbia and Umatilla rivers; salmon—attitudes toward decline; Blalock Island; Umatilla Ferry; economic development in Umatilla; Umatilla Basin Project; Native fishing; dam breaching; Native Americans in Umatilla; fish politics; John Day Dam drawdown; river management.

Audio recording and incomplete transcript (2 pages). Recording is of Stephens' recollections for the Umatilla Community History Project.

Topics include: Family history—Ernest Red Reeves—migration to Umatilla; changes in Umatilla since childhood; buildings removed for dams—loss of history; McNary Dam.