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Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute Records, 1970-2012 (bulk 1980-2012)

Overview of the Collection

Creator
Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute
Title
Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute Records
Dates
1970-2012 (bulk 1980-2012) (inclusive)
Quantity
1618 VHS tapes; 1038 mini Digital Videocassettes; 46 16 mm film reels; 151 Betamax tapes; 72 Sanyo V-cord; 101 ½” high density tape reels; 51 U-matic tapes; 183 Super 8 film reels; 8,014 slides; 10,842 photographs; and approximately 1,000 3-ring binders of paper records  :  16mm film, 8mm film, ¾” U-matic, Sanyo V-Cord, Betamax, ½” open reel magnetic tape, VHS, mini Digital Videocassettes, DVD, photographic prints, negatives, slides, paper records. Paper records are in fair to good condition. Some of the media shows degradation and the film, U-matic, Sanyo V-Cords, Betamax, and open reel tape lack playback ability.
Collection Number
MS009-01-01
Summary
The Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute Collection contains the daily operational records concerning the care and interaction with cross-fostered and signing chimpanzees as well as the research that has been undertaken with the chimpanzees. The entire collection spans from 1970 to 2012.
Repository
Central Washington University, Archives and Special Collections
Archives and Special Collections
Central Washington University
400 E University Way
Ellensburg, WA 98926
Telephone: 509-963-1023
Fax: 509-963-3684
archive@cwu.edu
Access Restrictions

All requests to use the collection must be vetted through the Friends of Washoe and the Director of the Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute.

Languages
English
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Historical Note

In 1966, Beatrix and R. Allen Gardner began Project Washoe by cross-fostering (i.e. one species raising another, in this case humans raising a chimpanzee) the chimpanzee Washoe as if she were a deaf child at the University of Nevada at Reno. A vital component of the cross-fostering environment was the exclusive use of American Sign Language (ASL) in communication between Washoe and her caregivers. Raised in this environment, Washoe acquired the signs of ASL in much the same way that deaf human children acquire the signs, making her the first non-human in history to acquire a human language. In 1967 Roger Fouts entered Project Washoe as a graduate assistant and became intimately involved in the daily care of Washoe and exposing her to ASL. In 1970, Washoe, accompanied by Roger Fouts and his wife Deborah Fouts, moved to the Institute of Primate Studies (IPS) at the University of Oklahoma in Norman, Oklahoma. For the first time Washoe was able to interact with other chimpanzees. At the IPS, in addition to working with Washoe, Roger Fouts exposed other chimpanzees at the Institute to ASL.

The next step in the study was to see if a chimpanzee mother, Washoe, could transmit the acquisition of American Sign Language to an infant chimpanzee. On January 9, 1979 Washoe gave birth to a male infant, Sequoyah, and it seemed the project could move forward. However, Sequoyah suffered from a number of health setbacks during the first months of his life and ultimately succumbed to pneumonia on March 8, 1979. The opportunity to study the transmission of ASL from mother to infant was ultimately revitalized with the introduction of another infant chimpanzee, thus beginning Project Loulis (1979-1985). On March 29, 1979, Washoe was introduced to a 10 month old infant, Loulis, whose own mother was unable to care for him. During the early years of Loulis’s life, humans were restricted from signing around him. Loulis learned his signs from Washoe and from the other signing chimpanzees, making him the only chimpanzee ever to acquire a human language from a conspecific.

The Gardners' cross-fostered other young chimpanzees: Moja, Tatu, and Dar, who also acquired the signs of ASL; Moja joined Washoe, Loulis, and the Foutses in Oklahoma in 1979. By this point, Roger Fouts was looking for a new place to call home for the chimpanzees under his care and for his research. In 1980, the Foutses moved with Washoe, Loulis, and Moja to Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Washington. In 1981, Dar and Tatu joined the other chimpanzees at Central Washington University. Originally housed in the Psychology Building, the chimpanzees were relocated to the Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute in 1993 which was specifically built with their needs in mind. Roger and Deborah co-directed the Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute until their retirement in 2011. The current director, Dr. Mary Lee Jensvold, has been a member of the research team since 1986 and studied under Drs. Fouts and Gardner.

The research that continues today with the cross-fostered adult chimpanzees shows they use their signs in spontaneous, appropriate, and conversational ways with their human caregivers and each other. They sign to initiate activities, comment on their world, request, respond to questions, and clarify misunderstandings. They adjust their signing to their conversational partner, for example they slow down their signing for new signers. They sign to themselves like humans talk to themselves. They use their signs in imaginary play, for example signing to stuffed animals. They draw pictures and name the images they create.

While the main objectives of Project Washoe and Project Loulis have come to a close, the chimpanzees continue to serve as the focus of continuous research studies. Thirty undergraduates intern each academic year and participate in the daily care and enrichment of the chimpanzees. Nine graduate students per academic year work towards their Masters of Science degrees in Experimental Psychology and Primate Behavior with CHCI as their research host. CHCI also runs a Summer Apprentice program which allows students and faculty to gain experience working with the chimpanzees as well as learning the history of the project. Additionally, CHCI has played host to a number of visiting researchers, drawing both nationally and internationally, who have conducted new research as well as utilizing the over forty years of data housed on-site.

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Content Description

The Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute Collection contains material spanning from 1970-1980 and the time at the Institute of Primate Studies in Norman, Oklahoma, to the move of Roger Fouts and the five chimpanzees in 1980 to the campus of Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Washington, which to this day is the home of the remaining chimpanzees: Loulis, Tatu, and Dar. The collection consists of: completed, abandoned, and ongoing research (including grant-funded projects) and thesis studies; photographic negatives, prints, and slides; film and video footage in VHS, mini Digital Videocassettes, Betamax, ¾” u-matic, ½” high density tape, Sanyo V-Cord, 16mm film, and 8mm film; charts, records, and logs of daily chimpanzee care and activity. The bulk of the collection is from 1980-2012 and has originated from Central Washington University; however, the collection does contain records and media originating from the University of Oklahoma.

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Other Descriptive Information

Funding for the production of this finding aid was provided through a grant awarded by the Lounsbery Foundation.

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Use of the Collection

Restrictions on Use

The collection includes media formats: Betamax, Sanyo V-Cord, ½” high density tape, 8mm film, 16mm film, and ¾” u-matic tapes which are currently without playback capabilities. Permission is required for reproduction or publication of materials.

Preferred Citation

[Identification of item]. Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute Records. Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute. Central Washington University.

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Administrative Information

Arrangement

Arranged chronologically within each series.

Location of Collection

Materials located at the Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute, Central Washington University.
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Detailed Description of the Collection

Names and SubjectsReturn to Top

Subject Terms

  • American Sign Language--Study and teaching
  • Human-animal communication
  • Washoe (Chimpanzee)

Personal Names

  • Fouts, Deborah
  • Fouts, Roger

Geographical Names

  • Ellensburg (Wash.)

Other Creators

  • Corporate Names

    • Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute (creator)
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