Washington Women's Heritage Project records, 1900-2000

Report/thesis written as part of Washington Women's Heritage Project (WWHP)

Report/thesis written as part of Washington Women's Heritage Project (WWHP)

Themes include: Family, Women's Club movements, Single Women, Childbirth, Mothers,

Themes include: Women in the Arts, Domestic Labor, Factory Work, Logging and Farming, World War II Work, Early/Non-Traditional Work, Work in the Home, Pioneer Life, Homesteading, Laundry workers.

Themes include: Work and Relationships

Themes include: Community Service, Native American Work, Native American Relationships,

Themes include: Women's Sense of Self

Includes: Guestbook

Includes: Guestbook

From the Elizbaeth Burke Collection

From the Dorothy Burr Private Collection

From the Rena Cooness Private Collection

From the Historical Society of Seattle and Museum of History and Industry

From the Frances Meskimen Private Collection

From the Northwest Chicano Health Center

From the Winona Webber Collection

From the Richard Phelps Private Collection

From the Lynn Jordan and Mike Jordan Private Collection

From the Eleanore Ploger Private Collection

From the Joyce Rantz Private Collection

From the Helen Remick Private Collection

From the Ethel Rorrison Private Collection

From Carol Christianson Collection

From the Washington State University Library

From the Jim Krupke Private Collection

Events include: including: "Women of Cornish" (Cornish Institute), "Women's Noon Film Series", "Women Reflecting: A Seven Year Cycle", "Voices of American Women: A History in Stories and Song", "Curtain Call, Grandmother!" (Museum of History and Industry), "Our Arts in Perspective" (Museum of History and Industry), "Women's Heritage Series" (Museum of History and Industry), "The Northwet's First Lady" (Sisters of Providence).

Includes handwritten notes from Esther Mumford Oral History by Ron Manheimer

On tape 1, side 1, Lavinia describes her early life in Spokane and De Smet, as well as her tribal affiliation and the politics of blood quantum. She talks about her beading practice, the division of labor between men and women, and the work her mother and grandmothers did to support their families. She details the trading practices between Coeur d'Alene, Nez Perce, and Yakima tribes, as well as their techniques for drying salmon. She also describes attending parochial school and returning to school as an adult to get her GED and a nurse's aid certificate. She also begins discussing the four years she spent in Chicago as part of the Urban Relocation Program. On tape 1, side 2, Lavinia goes into more detail about the Urban Relocation Program and her life in Chicago. She also describes living with her parents well into adulthood because she was too young to have received an allotment of land from the government. She also became an Indigenous educator in the school system, where she taught about Indigenous history, culture, practices, and foods. She spends time discussing "sxusem" (her language) or "Indian ice cream" (a term likely created by white settlers), the treat made by whipping up foam berry juice. They close the conversation discussing salmon and sturgeon fishing.

The first side of tape 1 includes a description of her early childhood, including her loneliness as a child and tension with her family members that continued through her adulthood. She also mentions her identity as a poet. Side 2 of tape 1 discusses her adult life, with a particular framing on her development of resilience through depression and a series of difficult times in her life. She describes teaching in Alabama during the Civil Rights movement, protesting the Vietnam War, and her understanding of her life's purpose through the "assignments" she receives. Side 1 of tape 2 focuses on her identity as a girl and young woman, including her menstruation story, menopause, gendered experiences of childhood, sexism, and solidarity with the girls she grew up with. The second side of tape 2 discusses her college and graduate education, as well as her activism. She describes her transition to the women's liberation movement as a result of a Vietnam Moratorium Committee fundraiser at Hugh Hefner's Playboy Mansion, her eventual move to Seattle and involvement in feminist activism at the University of Washington and Seattle more broadly. Side 1 of tape 3 discusses her activism work and PhD in more detail, as well as her career as a singer of women's music, and the tape possibly features (muffled) racist language when she describes a conversation with her father about the Civil Rights movement. Side 2 of tape 3 focuses on her activist work in Chicago and subsequent move to Seattle and the activism she participated in there. Side 1 of tape 4 discusses her work as a poet, musician, and student, including the sexism she faced in academia. Side 2 of tape 4 discusses a period in her early twenties when she travelled alone for a publishing company and her entanglements with men, as well as her sexual and romantic history. Side 1 of tape 5 features reflections on her previous relationships, development of her sexual identity, and her relationships with her parents. Side 2 of tape 5 begins with a discussion of her astrological chart and how it relates to her life, as well as her reflections on mortality and purpose in life.

On tape 1, side 1, the interviewer prompts Etta Alldredge for details about her family. Etta mentions traveling on horseback to attend a one-room schoolhouse. On both sides of tape 2, Etta describes her childhood home and the family ranch. Etta participated in skiing, tennis, and harvesting crops on their property, and in the winter, local families gathered to sing around their organ. Etta recalls the installation of electricity and her family's first car. She tells stories of Christian whiskey smugglers and attending "Indian celebrations" on the Fourth of July. On tape 2, side 2, Etta shares about her adolescent dating, which involved attending public dances. She met her husband, Ward, at a dance at age 18. Etta shows the interviewer family and travel photos. On tape 3, side 1, Etta details living in Montana on Ward's former homestead, homesickness during her first pregnancy, two encounters with snakes, and a happy early marriage. On tape 3, side 2, Etta tells of her social life with other women, and describes her experiences moving around with young children to follow Ward's jobs. The family lived for a year in Chicago, IL, where one daughter had a head lice incident. Etta relates their move into a house in the Wallingford neighborhood of Seattle during World War II, and her younger daughters Ruby and Wanda attending Lincoln High School before working at a telephone company. On both sides of tape 4, Etta describes later life. She owned and operated a grocery store with her husband for three years, which Etta enjoyed. After Ward passed away from a heart attack in his 60s, Etta lived in trailer homes in Northgate and Kenmore. Etta expresses pride in her robust family, including great-great-grandchildren, and recounts meeting five U.S. Presidents in her lifetime. On tape 4, side 2, Etta mentions her grandfather's involvement in the Civil War, and she describes a car accident which required long recovery. On tape 5, side 1, Etta recalls her parents' and siblings' deaths, and talks about her children and grandchildren while viewing photographs. She tells stories of a UFO sighting and a memorable day canning 100 quarts of cherries with her parents. She expresses her desire to be remembered as she is now.

In tape 1, side 1 Margaret discusses her family heritage and her parents' divorce. She recalls spending time at her grandmother's house and talks about her "maiden aunts." She talks about becoming a caretaker for her alcoholic mother and drifting apart from her brother. She also discusses her caretaker, Rhea Thomas, and realizing her sexuality. In tape 1, side 2, she further discusses her sexuality, relationships, and coming out. She talks about her social life and relationship issues. In tape 2, side 1, Margaret discusses working and burn out and the women's store she owned. She recalls the difficulties of her breakup with Rosemary and moving to Seattle. Margaret discusses LGBTQ+ political events and begins talking about her new job. In tape 2, side 2, she discusses her new job further, and deciding to become a social worker. Margaret gives her view on social change within the gay community and alcoholism and talks about how she sees her future. She discusses past relationships more and begins talking about her citizenship. In tape 3, side 1, Margaret continues talking about her citizenship and cultural differences between US and Canada. She explains the happiest and unhappiest times in her life, what changes she could have made in life, and her mother's passing.

Helen talks about her family genealogy for most of tape 1, side 1. The interviewer and Helen figure out her relation to her ancestors, and look through a record to find the ownership history of a family chest of drawers and table. Next, she discusses her childhood activities, where she went to school, and how her brother left university to fight in World War One. In side 2 of tape 1, Helen talks about her childhood and how being around philosophers and suffragettes molded her into an activist. She then recalls her late childhood, going to summer camp and Smith College, where she ran a newspaper. In tape 2, side 1, Helen recalls more of her college experience, as well as marrying her husband and having children. Helen discusses how the Great Depression affected her family, and how, when World War II started, she became an ordinance inspector for Glenn L. Martin. In tape 2, side 2, Helen mostly talks about her philanthropic work, specializing in mental health, world peace, and aging. She is an active member of the Cleveland Mental Health Council, the Unitarian Church, and the United World Federalists, authoring papers and speaking in many events. She summarizes her life, from living through WWI, to working for the World Federalists, to moving to California, the death of her husband, and her present involvement in changing ageist attitudes. She recites her personal code to avoid actions that lead to war. Helen ends the tape by reflecting on the shift towards negative attitudes towards change. In tape 3, side 1, Helen discusses her retirement and work in understanding old age. She is involved in canvassing Berkeley residents about access to resources about aging and Ph.D. studies on holistic healing. When she moves to Issaquah, Helen breaks her hip. In tape 2, side 2, Helen details the founding of the Telos Program for Aging Adults and her speeches about mental health. She speaks briefly on ethics then ends the interview with her fascination and her advocacy for choosing when to die.

In tape 1, side 1, Mary begins by talking about how her parents met. The tape malfunctions for a minute then is back to normal. Mary briefly describes the possessions and collections her family owned, then recalls her early schooling with her brother and in Japanese school. In tape 1, side 2, Mary details her experiences living in Japan at the time of WWII. She describes Japan's food rationing and Japanese propaganda. She then recalls her experiences in Japanese schools, especially her interest in literature. Mary talks about her grandmother employing the help of a local psychic, who tried to locate Mary's mother in America, also reading some of her father's letters from Minidoka. She also details the aftermath of a bombing in Kyoto and Hiroshima. After the war ended, Mary and Ruth joined the CIC as interpreters and got into contact with their parents with the help of American G.I.'s. Tape 2, side 1 focuses on Japanese holidays and traditions and how Mary's mother was followed a mix of Buddhism and ancestral worship, and did not follow the stereotype of a subservient Asian wife. She describes Japanese sexual education and how it lacked detail. She then talks about how she met her husband and her present work. In tape 2, side 2, she reminisces about her part-time job as an interpreter for fisheries, councils, courts, and the Model Cities program. She then talks about her children and how they grew up, recounting a few memories from their early school days. Lastly, the interview ends with her understanding of religion, stemming from her Buddhist background.

On tape 1, side 1, Olive provides biographical information about her family and details troubles in obtaining her American citizenship. On tape 1, side 2, she discusses her jobs in Seattle and tells of moving to California during the Great Depression and experiencing the 1933 Long Beach Earthquake two weeks after moving in. On tape 2, side 1, Olive details growing up in the diverse mining community in Black Diamond, WA, her schooling, and social dancing and dating events at the local Finnish Hall. She recalls taboos surrounding sex education. On tape 2, side 2, Olive shares more memories from childhood, including her mother weaving traditional Finnish ryijy rugs on a homemade loom and frequent deaths of miners in the community. She talks about her first husband's diabetes diagnosis and death and getting her jobs in draperies and running elevators at MacDougall & Southwick, The Bon Marché, and Fraser-Paterson. On tape 3, side 1, Olive discusses life in Compton, CA raising children, joining local organizations, and helping with her husband's business. She recalls juggling buying, selling, and renting out houses while moving between Washington, Southern California, and Northern California. She describes her frustration with Stephen's "restlessness" and their separation before remarrying in Mexico. On tape 3, side 2, Olive talks about her children's adult lives and she expresses contentment with where she is in life. She relates stories about pet dogs and cats, describes Stephen's smoking-induced death, and expresses regret for her reduced activity capacity. She tells of her long-term involvement with the Wallingford Senior Center. On Tape 4, side 1, Olive elaborates on her activity levels and past art hobbies. She relates rediscovering her purpose after her first husband's death in learning the draperies trade and finding pleasure keeping a home. Olive shares her views on society and parenting, including contempt for modern sex education. She discusses a positive recent trip to Finland to connect to her roots. On tape 4, side 2, Olive explains changes in the urban landscape of Seattle between 1920-1986, including the regrading, changes to the waterfront, and the building of the Space Needle. She describes renovations and interior decorating she did in her homes. Olive reiterates that her wish for her descendants is to embrace life's unexpected challenges.

Person with AIDS, lesbian. Interviewed by Helen Best. Arnold discusses her parents, falling in love with her female math tutor and the consequences thereof, her heroin addiction and working as a prostitute, escaping from a mental institution, her involvement with the women's and gay liberation movements, living with her lover Anne in Seattle, studying biology at Indiana University and Creative Writing at the UW, teaching English at the UW, her break-up with Anne, her alcohol problem, working with AIDS patients at Harborview Medical Center and contracting HIV there, and living with AIDS and the resultant brain lesions.

In side 1 of the tape, Florence discusses her early childhood and memories of both her mother and her father's side of her family. She reminisces on fond memories of washing and spinning wool, knitting, picking berries, and babysitting her younger brothers in Tulalip with her mother, grandmother Sarah, and great aunt Lizzie. Florence discusses going to Okmulgee, Oklahoma to visit her father and his tribe, but mentions that she felt more of a connection to her maternal tribe than her father's tribe. She discusses the death of her father and her relationship with her stepbrother, then transitions to talking about how her mother and father met and how her mother was looked down upon because she went to university. Side 1 ends with her unlearning harmful prejudice towards Black people. Side 2 of the tape focuses on Indigenous ways of life, including discipline, attitudes towards family and community, and religion. Florence narrates her experience with discipline as a child, which was limited. She recalls her mother spanking her and her babysitter tying her brothers and her up with a blanket so that they couldn't move. She recounts her grandmother's patience when disciplining children and how she and her daughter disciplined their kids. Next, Florence recounts her grandmother's openness and care of her community, and how Florence herself was close to her family. She mentions other tribal members when discussing traditional attitudes towards community. Florence narrates her memories of traditional ceremonies like potlaches and her sister's traditional Tulalip wedding. Finally, she discusses her maternal grandmother's ties to the Shaker Church and Florence's experience with Shaker healing.

In tape 1, side 1, Lois describes her childhood and growing up in Port Blakely, recalling fond memories with friends. She discusses her close-knit family and the camping trips they took. She talks about life after high school, during the Great Depression, and working as a medical technician. She recounts her time with her husband and son and her careers at the Museum of History and Industry and her beginning with the Washington Literacy Council. She goes deeper into her family history, memories with grandparents, her sister's health, the island community and population, and her Norwegian culture. In tape 1, side 2, Lois goes into more detail on her social life as a teenager, her family dynamic growing up, and her parent's relationship, which was admired by the Port Blakely community, and their deaths. She explains how her relationship with her son has evolved and talks about how the museum has changed and sadness associated with it. She describes her home and life in Port Blakely, her parents' hobbies, childhood responsibilities, and what life and fashion was like in the '30s. In tape 2, side 1 Lois discusses life during the Great Depression, wishing she could've gone to college, but also noting her accomplishments despite not being able to. She talks about working as a medical technician during war-time and her gift of calming people. She comments on her love of animals and her path from learning to teaching fashion history and textiles. In tape 2, side 2, Lois goes into detail about her husband and his work and hobbies. She discusses their parenting dynamic and their differing social lives. She describes her love for the Northwest and how she wants to see a focus on Seattle history at the museum and the future of the museum and its costume collection. She describes her plan to keep working after retirement and recalls her fonder memories from her life, mentioning helping to raise two young girls.

In tape 1, side 1, Maggie begins with a brief discussion of her family being invited into her house. She then remembers her childhood, focusing on her mother and the traditions she learned from her (carding wool, making woven baskets and Indian biscuits). She talks about her family farm and the animals on it, then the interview is interrupted by Ethel, one of her daughters. She then discusses her children, reminiscing about her life in Yakima. Winona prompts her to talk more about her mother and how she passed on her knowledge. Maggie describes how to spin wool and how to strip and weave cedar bark. The interview transitions to her recent renovations on her house. The side ends with a discussion of Stick Indians. This conversation resumes and is finished in the beginning of tape 1, side 1. She briefly talks about her ownership of land, then transitions into talking about her work in a shipyard during WWII. She takes some time to figure out if her brothers were in WWI. She describes her feelings about her sons serving in WWII. Her daughter, Marguerite, comes in and briefly talks about where she lives. For the rest of the interview, Marguerite gives additional details about Maggie's stories. They talk about Native American citizenship, and how they felt they were never truly citizens because they were listed as wards of the government. Marguerite talks about her and her sister Ethel's work during WWII. Maggie then talks about her mother and how she passed on her love of knitting to her. Maggie also talks about her favorite grandmother, named Mary, and distant relatives. She finishes the interview with a discussion of her father's heritage and how he was likely related to Chief Seattle and Kikisoblu (also known as Princess Angeline).

In tape 1, side 1, Sister Rita details her biographical information, family history, and the start of her nursing career with the Sisters of Providence. She briefly discusses the founding of the Sisters of Providence. In tape 1, side 2, Sister Rita explains the organization and charity works of the order and how the group has changed since she first joined. She also outlines her duties as the archivist and how she aids authors in their research. She recounts two stories about Mother Joseph's life. Tape 2, side 1, contains notable moments in her education and early career, specifically about her classwork and certain patients in the obstetrics ward. In tape 2, side 2, Sister Rita talks about why she chose the Sisters of Providence, the structure of her family, and her thoughts on women's issues like abortion.

Alcohol and drug user, waitress, mother. Interviewed by Paige K. Fortner. Bianchi discusses her childhood in Catholic school and becoming a "street kid" at 13, being "burned out" at 17, her drug use, marriages, abuse by her husband, her children and their abuse by her husband, and the lack of racial tension in her most successful marriage.

In tape 1, side 1, Susan details her parents' experiences in WWII, early childhood in Bellingham, and family traditions leading to her love of music. She mentions meeting Stan and how she struggled with her weight. In tape 1, side 2, she discusses her teenage years; her role models, the clubs she participated in, dating Stan, and her run for a local talent show that inspired her love of pageantry. In tape 2, side 1, she opens up about her parents' alcohol addiction and how she and her sisters dealt with it. Susan also talks about her engagement and marriage to Stan. In tape 2, side 2, Susan discusses the first few years of her marriage, recollecting her multiple miscarriages and her life in Adna and Blaine before she found her community volunteering at the YWCA. She touches on her experience directing a Chicano community event. In tape 3, side 1, she describes her burnout and her reconnection with Stan on one of their fishing trips to Lummi Island. Susan recalls an adoption that fell through. In tape 3, side 2, Susan details her mentorship of three young women for the Miss Whatcom County pageant and the resulting friendships, as well as her adoption of Michael. In tape 4, side 1, Susan recounts Kevin's adoption, explaining his poor condition when they first met and the health challenges he faced. Susan mentions her own health scare and how it motivated her to lose weight. In tape 4, side 2, Susan discusses her friends' support when her children were young, and Kevin's brain tumor and severe asthma. She then reminisces about the purchase of a motorhome, which allowed her whole family to travel and explore Washington. In tape 5, side 1, Susan describes her travels, following Stan's fishing career in Washington and Alaska, judging speech competitions and pageants around Canada and Washington, and skiing with her family and friends. In tape 5, side 2, she reminisces on another camping trip, then describes the times she experienced racism against Kevin, who is half-Black. She talks about two stories where she had to be strong and her feelings towards "being strong" while fighting cancer. In tape 6, side 1, Susan briefly describes her friend's calming presence and a pageant she was proud of, then the interview cuts to an unknown child (likely one of Susan's sons) speaking about school and baseball. The tape then ends with the interviewer discussing stories about her parents with Susan.

Photographs of Susan Quant Bianchi

On tape 1, side 1, Jeanne Biehn gives biographical information about her family. She recounts her grandmother making lukken (Flemish cookies) at Christmas served with homemade wine and describes her relationship with her parents. On tape 1, side 2, Jeanne describes her family's life in Belgium during and after World War I. She discusses her one-room schoolhouse in Ghent, Minnesota, and her father's comprehensive butchering and grocery store services for the town. The local community took care of each other with no one going hungry, using bartering or credit for purchases. Jeanne discusses her childhood home and her parents buying the local bank building during the Great Depression. On tape 2, side 1, Jeanne recalls the local community supporting each other during funerals, births, and harvests, and she details her parents' expectations for her and her siblings. She describes the Catholic priests and nuns at church and school. She speaks about her transition to public high school in Marshall and her ambition beginning then to pursue a non-academic career. On tape 2, side 2, Jeanne discusses her time in college, her family's experience during WWII, and her interview and training process to become a flight attendant with United Airlines. She details her early career flying on DC-3 planes and emergency encounters. On tape 3, side 1, Jeanne narrates how she met her husband and their dating while she was still a flight attendant. She details her fears during her wedding and pregnancy and the supportive community of young mothers at Shorewood Apartments in Mercer Island, Washington. Jeanne discusses raising their three boys while her husband devoted his time to work. On tape 3, side 2, Jeanne describes her fulfilling experiences in the Seattle chapter of Clipped Wings. She details her sons' interests and behavior growing up. Jeanne shares about her husband's death and her grief and processing in the aftermath. On tape 4, side 1, Jeanne tells of working as a stewardess again on the Boeing 929 Jetfoil route between Seattle and Victoria, British Columbia, in summer 1980 and helping out at her friend's restaurant. She expresses appreciation for her independence as a single woman with grown children and a lack of desire to date again. She passes on the wisdom to disregard others' opinions and take risks.

On tape 1, side 1, Eleanor Bilimoria shares memories from her childhood in Rainier Beach and on a Vashon Island farm, including interactions with her adult siblings and community, women's housework, and World War I relief activities during school. On tape 1, side 2, Eleanor recalls her group of female school friends, experiences with the Camp Fire Girls, and being disappointed at women's limited career options. On tape 2, side 1, Eleanor covers teaching on Bainbridge Island, the boat trip to Europe, and her travels in Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary with the International School of Art (ISA) summer program, encountering nobility, royalty, and village residents. On tape 2, side 2, Eleanor tells a story about her father and shows the interviewer Polish and Hungarian folk art. On tape 3, side 1, Eleanor describes 1930s Seattle; summer trips to Spain and Mexico; her early career as a photographer and filmmaker; and meeting her husband, Soli. She discusses entertainment and the arts in New York City and the publicity around her engagement to Soli. On tape 3, side 2, Eleanor illustrates living in India, including illnesses, vacations, and holiday celebrations. She describes making films for the Office of War Information in Mumbai (Bombay); the Indian independence movement and World War II; and crossing paths with All India Congress Committee members, including Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi, in 1941. On tape 4, side 1, Eleanor details a treacherous voyage back to India from the US; founding an American-style school, West Wind, with other expatriate mothers in Mumbai; and experiencing the partition of India and the assassination of Gandhi. On tape 5, side 1, Eleanor tells of wild animals in Kodaikanal, India; attending Vassar College's Summer Institute with her daughters; and moving back to Seattle to teach. On tape 5, side 2, Eleanor discusses teaching in Kodaikanal; living in Juhu, Mumbai; teaching Spanish in the Bellevue School District in Washington; her daughters' schooling and her graduate education; and travels back and forth to India. On tape 6, side 1, Eleanor describes her advocacy work with the Seattle Coalition Task Force on Women and Religion, founding first battered women's shelter in Seattle, the first international conferences on women's issues, and the Women's Political Caucus. She describes having new experiences at age 75 and her and her daughters' encounters with sexism. On tape 6, side 2, Eleanor discusses her granddaughter and women in conferences.

In tape 1, side 1, Saranel describes growing up in Texas and being close with her grandmother, learning about religion and hoping to not work or argue as much as her parents did. She recalls discovering her psychic abilities and learning to hide them. Saranel talks about school, her marriages, her children, and how her political beliefs have changed. In tape 1, side 2, she discusses the jobs she's had and seeing neurofeedback's positive effects. She talks about gender gaps in jobs, the women's movement, and finding freedom in divorce and menopause, along with puberty, sex education, and getting pregnant. In tape 2, side 1, Saranel further discusses her psychic abilities in childhood and activities she did, especially liking reading and nature. She describes struggling with being subservient to men and believing in raising children the same regardless of gender and moving towards a matriarchal society. Saranel also talks about spirituality, being able to read peoples' illnesses, and describes the past lives she remembers, including a witch doctor, a Mayan princess, and a passenger on the Titanic. In tape 2, side 2, she discusses karma and different dimensions that exist, how hypnosis works, and her religious influences. Saranel explains her belief that major religions are used to control people, as are politics, and are tied to dark forces. She describes the domestic abuse she faced and leaving her husband. In tape 3, side 1, Saranel explains how she chose to be a woman before being born. She describes discovering segregation and racism as a child and hating it. Saranel discusses menopause, UFOs and alien abductions, and seeing a shift in women's power and the structure of the world. In tape 3, side 2, she gives her opinion on creating a perfect society, discovering what our brains are capable of, seeing indifference as the face of evil, and the importance of women learning to protect themselves both mentally and physically.

On tape 1, side 1, Beatrice recalls her childhood on a homestead near La Push. As a child, she enjoyed walking to the ocean and through the woods. Beatrice describes how she came about her names; the non-Indigenous residents of La Push influenced her "Beatrice Black" name and she got her Indigenous name from her grandparents in a ceremony when she was 15. Beatrice recalls the ways her family would obtain and preserve food, including berries, and she claims that Native Americans never went hungry from all the wild food to eat. She remembers children's ways of mischief in her day, and longhouse in Taholah and parties in her community. Tape 1, side 2 touches on Beatrice's involvement in the Indian Shaker Church, including witnessing a cure for a child and later being cured herself by a shake. She became part of the Shaker religion when she was 17, and describes how confession happens in church. Beatrice recalls moving to Taholah for her husband's job and owning a car in 1918. Tape 2, side 1 gives more information about Beatrice's childhood and her marriage. She spoke Quileute at home and didn't attend school until she was nine years old. Beatrice's mother taught her basketweaving. During Beatrice's childhood, the only transportation available was canoe. She recalls drying clams and hook and line fishing with her father, a fur seal hunter and fisherman. Beatrice relates that her first time outside of La Push was her honeymoon in Seattle, where they saw the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. Her brother was performing in it as a seal hunter. Beatrice's marriage was arranged, and she describes age expectations for women regarding marriage.

The interview discusses Bouillon's family background (German: Von Rosenberg and Meerscheidt), her home life in San Antonio, in Germany where she attended boarding school, and on Mercer Island, her marriage to Harold Weeks and their children, her work as an interior designer after Weeks died (including design for Gamma Phi Beta House and University of Washington Presidents), her second marriage and their travels. She discusses new friends, teachers, and the Home Economics Department at the University of Washington (which was new when she attended) and her illnesses.

In tape 1, side 1, Delphine discusses her parents' heritage, her mother's death during childbirth and a dislike between families. She explains how the family disagreed on how she should be raised and her childhood on Lookout Mountain and in the Philippines. In tape 1, side 2, Delphine describes her relationship with her father and being left out in school. She explains how she was put into an internment camp at 14 years old and how life in the camp worked, she puts importance on a woman that became a motherly figure for her in camp, Miss Liggett. In tape 2, side 1, she discusses being reunited with her parents and the detriment it had on her mental health, returning to the US, and continuing school. Delphine talks about working, getting married, and the destructiveness of her marriage. In tape 2, side 2, she goes further into her husband, their reasons for having kids, and the impact the marriage had on both her and her children. In tape 3, side 1, Delphine discusses her and her children's relationship with her ex-husband, their father, and further describes the struggles of their marriage. She also talks about her job at the National Opinion Research Center and enjoying having authentic connections while interviewing people. In tape 3, side 2, she discusses choosing to go to graduate school, working, and struggles with mental health. Delphine also explains how her parents were involved in her life and discusses spirituality, feeling out of place at the Episcopal Church and joining Bet Alef. In tape 4, side 1, she goes into more detail about spirituality, joining the Aurora House, meeting Al, and leaving the Aurora House together. In tape 4, side 2, she emphasizes the struggle of losing her support systems, being introduced to Bet Alef, and learning to accept love. In tape 5, side 1, she examines patterns of loss and respite in her life, her parents' racism, and her attempts to be a good housewife. In tape 5, side 2, Delphine delves into expectations of women and effects of isolation within abusive relationships. She also discusses her experiences in menopause and how retirement has affected her life.

On tape 1, side 1, Esther Brand discusses her early childhood in Maple Lake, Minnesota and surrounding areas, including information about her parents and siblings and different schools. She tells of competing with her siblings for music lessons, avoiding corporal punishment, and her mother informing her father's voting despite being disenfranchised. On tape 1, side 2, Esther recounts disciplinary experiences at school, her experience in different handicrafts, and her initial difficulties transitioning to life in Seattle. She tells the story of how she met her husband, a family friend, and she enumerates her notable German/Prussian ancestors. On tape 2, side 1, Esther discusses attending high school in Seattle, the challenges of housekeeping without modern amenities, her children's education and upbringing, and Sunday family outings in their Ford Model T. Esther describes the atmosphere in Wallingford, Seattle in the 1910s, including rampant sanitation and fly problems, and discusses the Great Depression. On tape 2, side 2, Esther recalls caring for her husband during his illness and grieving his death. She speaks of crafting, attending church, and being involved socially at the Wallingford Senior Center at her advanced age. She speaks about her family dynamics and adult children, discusses the effects of the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition on Seattle's growth and development, and details the lives of her seven grandchildren. On tape 3, side 1, Esther talks about the family's fixer-upper beach house in Richmond Beach, Shoreline, Washington and she goes into detail about her methods for myriad crafts and art styles: sewing, embroidery, glass work, tin work, beach craft with driftwood and shells, crocheting, knitting, crazy quilting, tatting, creating decorative coat hangers and sock dolls, and painting.

In tape 1, side 1, Janet reminisces about her parents, childhood, education, and her wedding. She describes her family's constant relocation and the community she found in the Presbyterian church. In tape 1, side 2, Janet discusses her first marriage and her various jobs. She mentions her feelings of loneliness in Missouri, her feelings around her husband's infidelity, and her teaching career in Seattle. Tape 2, side 1, contains Janet's family dynamics, specifically her experiences with her grandchildren and how her daughters reacted to her second marriage. She also briefly talks about home improvement and extended family. In tape 2, side 2, Janet describes her community outreach efforts: teaching English to immigrants and organizing charity events with her church. Tape 3, side 1, contains her hobbies during retirement, her vacations with family, and her feelings about taking care of her disabled mother. In tape 3, side 2, Janet shares her outlook on the future. She reflects on the changing values in society and expresses hope that her grandchildren will feel called to do good in the world.

On tape 1, side 1, Judith says that she grew up visiting both sets of grandparents in New Jersey every Sunday. Her father's parents were Dutch immigrants and strawberry farmers. Her mother's mother had a strong Cockney accent, and her mother's father worked on railroads. Judith states that her parents were "unhappy people" and expresses her opinion that the women in her family were strong but unfulfilled. Judith's sister Caroline was 10 years older than her and acted as a maternal figure. Judith describes her small town of Warwick, New Jersey and remembers giving up on her ambitions to be an actress in response to a negative astrological prediction. Her mother was also interested in astrology. Judith recalls her family throwing a party for her when she got her first period, and taking part in activism in college. Tape 1, side 2 and tape 2, side 1 cover similar topics. Judith moved to California with a female friend after college. She describes meeting and marrying her husband, Evan Brown, in San Francisco and her job at the time at the Greyhound bus station while her husband was a student at San Francisco State University. The couple moved to New York, then Seattle, where Judith had their son, Damon. Judith details the pressure she felt to work and support her family up until her separation with Evan after 10 years. She discusses the division of parental responsibility with her husband, and her post-separation arrangement with Evan, which involves him paying for her to attend graduate school at the time of the interview. Tape 2, side 1 includes Judith's thoughts on marriage, graduate school, books, and mentors. She shares about seeing omens and good luck symbols all the time and feeling that superstition controls her life. She says her beliefs run in the family, and that she thinks her mother and grandmother were witches. Judith describes making love potions for her friends and shares success stories from them.

African-American single mother, Community College Program Assistant. Interviewed by Allison Card. Burgess discusses her childhood in Washington, Pennsylvania, her friendship with her cousin Michael, her and her siblings' abuse by her father, her short relationship with Bill, her experience of racial segregation, living with her sisters and their children, meeting, marrying, and divorcing James, raising two sons on her own (one from Bill and one from James), working at the Washington Hospital and leaving for Seattle when her hours were cut, working in a nursing home and earning her Associate of Arts degree at Tacoma Community College, working as a program assistant at Green River Community College, her sons' successes, and her granchildren.

Wilma Bush is a Twana-Skokomish Indian. Bush discusses her education at various schools, including the Phoenix logging camp and Chemawa; her grandmother, who was a Lummi, and her grandmother's herbal medicines and "Indian ice cream" made from berries. She also discusses moving between Oregon and Washington with her family.

African-American UW Student Counselor. Interviewed by Antoinette M. Johnson. Butler discusses her education-centered and disciplined childhood, experience of racism, her childhood family relationships, socializing at the church as a teenager, having twins, being a nurse and a manager at the Odessa Brown company, earning her Bachelor's degree, her relationship with her children, becoming an employee at the UW and eventually a student counselor, her good relationship with her husband, and middle age.

Indian, Tlingit activist. Interviewed by Debbie Guerrero. Buxton discusses her childhood illness and abuse, Catholic education, parents' drinking problems, being abandoned, foster homes, living with her mother and their activities, dancing, debates with her father, traveling to Alaska, poverty, learning "what it meant to be Indian", investigating Catholicism and Buddhism, her marriage and her husband's death, motherhood, being involved in "Indian legal issues" and a leader in the American Indian community, taking pride in her Indian identity, her spirituality, menopause, relationships with her children, her brother's suicide, and her son's cancer.

Labor and women's rights activist, lesbian. Interviewed by Lisa Dady. Caldwell discusses her ancestors, admiring the men in her family, her WWII homefront experiences, having "crushes on girls" in high school, working at the Seattle Times, involvement in the Newspaper Guild and fighting sexism there, working with Seattle Labor organizations, her relationships with her friends, especially Claudia, "how closeted lesbians and gays were in the early days", her interest in the military, seeing a psychiatrist, developing "feminist consciousness", traveling to Europe, her "notorious apartment" where women met in the '80s, lesbian social relations and strata in the 50's and 60's, police raids on gay bars, working on democrats' political campaigns, and how she enjoys her retirement.

Teacher, basketball coach. Married women were not allowed to work as teachers, so her career ended when she married a school principal. Seattle Teacher's Union was organized in their home. Bodil "Bo" Cambpell is an activist in many projects on behalf of the elderly. She now lives at Four Freedoms House and is a member of Church of the People.

Frieda Canter was formerly a needle worker and cook. Canter describes her family life as a Russian Jew and as a Chicagoan and her and her husband's involvement in the Communist Party in Chicago.

WWII veteran. Interviewed by Barbara Wright. Milbourne talks some about her childhood among the English nobility and her early accomplishment as a singer, but the bulk of her discussion is about her experiences in WWII: as a civilian in Belfast, and as a WAC in France, Belgium, and Germany. Then moving to America after the war, her wedding, discharge from the army, having children and raising them on her own, living in Texas and then Washington, near-death experiences, her son's dyslexia, and working in a nursing home.

Women's health care specialist, socialist. Interviewed by Kirsten Anderberg. Carson briefly discusses her childhood in Peru, but spends the most time discussing her work in women's health clinics in California and Seattle, her involvement in the women's rights movement, her three marriages, and her views on politics (socialism, capitalism, and America since WWII).

"Dolly" Castillo grew up in the Philippines and came with her husband to the U.S. in 1967. She worked in a factory and a nursing home and also taught physical education and served as a multi-ethnic curriculum specialist for the Seattle School District. She has been an active member of the Philipino community.

Lillian Iyall Chappell describes moving to the Nisqually Reservation as a Yakama family when she was two years old. Her father traveled frequently to Washington, D.C. to advocate congressional legislation for Cowlitz land claims. Lillian describes her parents' scarce education, her mother having six years (due to intermittent family commitment) and her father having just three years. Both parents strongly valued their children's schooling, and Lillian details her and her siblings' educations. She recalls her mother wanting her close to home and that influencing her job decisions, including moving to Warm Springs, OR for one year to work as a clerk. Lillian attributes her independent thinking and vocal personality to her family protecting her from prejudice as a child and her confidence to stand up for herself. She describes her mother as gentle and passive. Lillian was somewhat socially isolated on the Nisqually Reservation because she and her brother attended Olympia High School, while their neighbors attended Yelm High School on the reservation. Lillian had with Italian and Chinese friends. She recalls her large extended family and taking day-long road trips to visit relatives in White Swan, WA. Lillian discusses her brother Ben Iyall's recovery after being a prisoner of war in WWII and being exposed to tuberculosis. Her sister Mary Iyall also had a mild tuberculosis infection, and their mother resisted taking her to the hospital, insisting on using natural medicine. Lillian remembers her mother's preventative healthcare practices. The interviewer's professor briefly interrupts the interview. Lillian reflects that her father was simultaneously a traditional Indian Shaker and a man of progressive views; he believed in progress of Native Americans through modern education.

On side 1 of the tape, Freda describes her schooling, including Chemawa Indian School and the various jobs and activities students did there. She remembers her mother smoking fish, particularly dog salmon, and her brother Charlie hunting, including beaver meat. Freda spoke mainly English at home and at school, partially in response to bullying for her imperfect use of Quinault, and she discusses the language mostly dying with the older generations. Freda mentions fishing at her father's and husband's fishing grounds, and talks about navigating the tides and local coast guard to travel out of the Taholah area by wagon. Her mother's extended family walked from the Hoh River to Taholah to stay with Freda's family during the winters; Freda also recalls a train depot in Moclips where tourist trains came from Seattle carrying beachgoers. On side 2, Beatrice Black joins the interview. Freda and interviewer Winona Weber remember shared contacts within their community. Freda speaks about her father emigrating from Sweden and how she got into school bus driving during WWII. Freda and Beatrice discuss grocery prices and availability during that period and making their own food. Freda describes water use strategies at her family's home with no running water and the decreasing availability of the community's shared spring. She discusses playing basketball and singing at Chemawa and being fed by local families when traveling, and the meals at Chemawa, including Sunday morning cornflakes.

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Peggy Cook was raised by her grandmother, a French-Indian, and grandfather, a Norwegian logger. Her mother was a prostitute. Peggy's childhood in the depression era was unhappy. She worked at rafting for 2 1/2 years, from age 13. When she was 15 her grandmother died and Peggy moved to Port Townsend and worked picking brush for the floral trade. She was married at age 17 to a sailor her uncle brought home. They stayed together for 32 years although they didn't love each other. He became a gambler and "womanizer" and she became a lesbian at age 38. Her husband tried to break up her affair with the woman, sent her to State mental hospital for a week. After the affair ended, she had a drinking problem but stopped. She discusses her husband's death in 1973, her subsequent mental breakdown and drug dependency, which she broke during several months living in the woods. After her recovery she moved to Seattle, worked as a painter, bought a house, which she shares with another woman. She went to college and earned a sociology degree. She discusses her children and her publishing business, Wolfpack Associates.

The interviewer is the granddaughter of the informant. Harriet Cooper was active in the Socialist Party in the teens and twenties. She and her husband moved to South Carolina in the 1920s (?) and she went to work in a textile mill. South Carolina was backward then compared to the Northwest. She was a square peg in a round hole. In 1923 they drove back from South Carolina to the Northwest in 28 days. Harriet Cooper discusses her childhood and how, even then, she rebelled against restrictions on women's behavior. She discusses race relations and unions, birth control, child-bearing, and women and the vote.

Physical education teacher, mother of a person with Down's Syndrome. Interviewed by Libby Lunstrum. Covey discusses her childhood family relationships in rural Washington, attending a one-room school house, being active in sports, traveling to Austria, raising two children -one with Down's Syndrome, her husband's alcohol problem and their divorce, working as physical education teacher and as an athletic director for the parks department, her involvement in Delta Kappa Gamma (which performs services to further higher education in Washington), teaching Sunday School, her best friend Helen, and continuing to care for her daughter.

Anna was born 3/22/05 and raised in the University District of Seattle. Her father owned Frye Fuel Company. Her mother was a midwife. Her grandmother, Mildred Bailey, ran a farm in Fall City. They were the second white people in the area. Anna spent 2 weeks on the farm every summer picking fruit. Her mother picked hops. Anna met her husband Earl Cox at a ballroom on First and Pike. He was a longshoreman and winch driver. After marriage she worked at Boeing from 1922-23, sewing canvas on wing spans. They lived in San Francisco during WWII, then returned to Portland. Her husband wouldn't let her work after their first child was born and though she wanted to work she kept house until her husband's stroke in 1955. After she became a nursing home cook she studied dietetics. Since her husband's death she has learned new skills and become self-confident. After her retirement she became involved in SPICE and the American Association of Retired Persons, of which she served as President and Secretary. Her daughter, Gertrude, is a nursing home dietician.

Bookkeeper, mother of four. Interviewed by Randi Wallmichrath. Crawford discusses her childhood in Seattle (being a perfectionist, her parents' fighting), majoring in business at the UW, her friendship with her mother, marrying John Balmer, working as a reservation agent, accountant, and Avon saleswoman, raising four children, living in various places in Washington, John's alcoholism, teaching business in high schools, her social life centering around whatever high school John happened to be coaching at, helping John through graduate school, his confession of an affair and their "struggl[ing] to keep the family intact", her divorce and the personal growth it forced on her, moving to Seattle and working as a bookkeeper, earning her Master's degree in business, her close relationships with her children, and enjoying living alone.

Pentecostal missionary and evangelist. Interviewed by Laura Dressler. Crawford Discusses her Swedish roots, her childhood family relationships, her father's church work, employment and hard financial times in the 1920's and The Depression, going to college to become a minister, meeting her husband who is also a minister, the growth of Seattle, her husband's death, being a missionary to Latin America, Europe, and Africa, illnesses, and traveling in Asia and Australia and meeting old missionary friends there.

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Ruth grew up in Pullman, Washington and attended college there. She met her husband there, married and quit school after her junior year, in 1923. They moved to Long Beach where he studied cranberry cultivation. She joined the Ladies Union Aid Society and was put to work keeping records for the organization, eventually becoming president. She also worked as a secretary for the cranberry experiment station and took care of a large garden and livestock. She spent most of her time at home and raised 8 children. She has been a member of AAUW. About the Ladies Union Aid Society in Long Beach, Washington. Also discusses her husband's work with cranberries.

Denzer was born in 1928 in Renton, Washington. She worked at Peoples' Bank for 9 years before being appointed president of Community Bank of Renton in 1976. Denzer volunteered for several arts organizations and was president of the Seattle Opera Guild; she also was involved with the League of Women Voters and Forest Ridge Academy. Norma Denzer talks about her life which includes family life, banking career, volunteer work. See Biographical information for more information.

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Elizabeth Depenheuer was born in Sholtz, Germany in 1906 and moved to Koln with her family when she was 10. She was raised by her sister and father. She apprenticed as a dressmaker and went to work in a garmet factory after the war. She met her husband Johnny in the factory. Elizabeth describes her problems in emigrating to the U.S., her first impressions of New York and Seattle, learning English, and their floathouse at Seabeck.

Hazel Preston was born in Tacoma in 1895. Her mother's parents were Irish immigrants to Canada. Her father died when she was five and she was sent to the Visitation Convent in Tacoma for the next 10 years. Her mother worked as a cook in an Alaskan mining camp for 3 or 4 years. She spent summers on her uncle's farm in Skagit County. After graduation from the convent at age 17, she went to work for the telephone company in Seattle as an operator. She picketed during the 1917 strike. She moved to the University District with her mother. She met her husband Arthur in 1913, began to date him in 1920. After her husband retired she took odd jobs, such as caring for elderly people. Hazel discusses the snowstorm of 1916, her summer home on Vashon Island, Seattle in the 1950s, her four children and married life, and changes in the University District. Seattle resident discusses her work as a telephone operator during 1914-1918, her involvement in the 1917 Seattle strike, her reminiscences of World War I and voting.

Milliner and seamstress. Interviewed by April Graff. Doster discusses how the church was important in her childhood and still is, growing up around Greenlake, school activities, millinery, sewing, living and working in Chicago, Ketchikan, Hawaii (where she met her husband), California, and Seattle, the family drug store, church functions, friendships, her husband and brother's deaths, and aging.

Minnie Eastman is a Snoqualmie. Eastman discusses traditional work, including basketry and fishing, the use of roots and fish in the diet of Eastern Washington Indians, her family, including her grandmother and mother who were hereditary leaders of the Snoqualmie tribe, education and languages, her husbands, and caring for her children.

Single mother, breast cancer survivor. Interviewed by Reiko Ninomiya. Eby discusses her childhood relationships with family, her childhood love of art and music, dating and social and academic activities in high school, the difficulty of moving to New Jersey as a senior in high school, joining a sorority in college and her social life there, student teaching, living in NY and dating there, moving to Seattle with her fiancé, the births and babyhood of her two children, divorce, her relationships with her children, and her experiences with breast cancer: surgery, chemotherapy, and re-evaluating her life

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Mrs. Fabbe was a restaurant manager. She later worked at Frederick and Nelson department store and as a buyer for the Seattle school district. She is the widow of Harry F. Fabbe, editor of "Svenska Posten."

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The interview discusses Hazel Wolf and her conservation work by Susan Fant, who is a friend.

Landscape architect. Interviewed by Lynne Swackhammer. Fehrman discusses the lives of her parents and grandparents, her experiences in school and girl scouts, early religious education, family holiday and everyday traditions, "girl-training stuff—cooking, housekeeping, ironing handkerchiefs", her parents' relationship, her present view of religion, her discomfort with traditional gender roles, and her feelings about relationships and friendships.

Mrs. Fisher recalls her mother's journey by covered wagon from Illinois to Dayton, Washington in 1885 and growing up in wheat country with her widowed mother. She recalls her schooling in a one room school house, chores on the farm, butchering, curing, canning, and other activities. She recalls her father who was a farm laborer and describes his work. She discusses family life, illnesses, her mother's child bearing. She discusses her work as a cook for the wheat harvest after leaving school. She describes the harvest and life in the cookhouse, ca. WWI on a Calgary farm. She recalls meeting her future husband, dances and socials. She describes in detail life on their Cashmere fruit ranch. During the depression they also worked at meat cutting. She discusses her family and her move to Western Washington.

On side 1 of the tape, Angeline describes her mother's cedar root basketmaking practice, which she and her siblings did not inherit. She shares memories of her grandfather and step-grandmother, who lived across the creek from them in Mud Bay; her step-grandmother baked delicious frybread and wove artisan basket burden straps, and her grandfather befriended neighborhood children. Angeline discusses raising Indigenous babies and using a cradleboard, and recounts the death of her daughter Rosie. On both sides 1 and 2, there is a narrative surrounding photos shown between Angeline and the interviewer, Winona Weber, where they discuss shared family and community members. On side 2, Angeline states that she attended school locally, though her youngest brother Ed attended boarding school at Cushman Indian School. She recalls staying home after 6th grade to take care of her older sister Catherine's children, and that she regrets her lack of higher education now. She talks about doing laundry by hand and the strict standards for chores in her home, including milking cows. She mentions the Puyallup/Nisqually language and its fading usage. At the end of the tape, there is some discussion of her husband's fishing at Frank's Landing and her family's involvement with the fish-ins there, which were organized by her son Billy Frank Jr., a famous Native American environmental rights activist.

Tape 1, side 1 discusses life on the Humptulips River, clamming, fishing, basket making, childhood, interracial marriage, and the Shaker Church. Side 2 discusses basket making, clam digging, smoking fish, preserving clams, education, Chemawa Indian School, raffia, sweetgrass, the old train line, and the Columbus Day Storm of 1962.

Olga describes her family's emigration from Sweden to Preston, Washington, and describes the founding of the town. She recalls memories from each holiday, and how they procured food and goods in the town. She describes a childhood of play. She remembers prohibition in Preston, and the differences between the residents of Upper and Lower Preston. Olga describes her home life and the influences of Swedish customs and language. Preston lacked a high school, and she describes going to school in Pullman and the formation of a sorority. Olga tutored the 8th grade class in Preston and passed her teaching certification to work as a teacher. The Influenza Epidemic of 1918 had deadly impacts on her school. Olga moved to Seattle with her family during the Great Depression and became a Works Progress Administration (WPA) sewing teacher at Ballard High School. She also attended the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition in Seattle as a child. She describes the negative effects of the Great Depression on her husband's work and her community. She talks about her husband and their large wedding. Olga describes her parents' community work, including her father's involvement in labor movements her mother's leadership in church activities. Olga shares her feelings about the changing role of women and describes raising her children. She shares about her life and activities in North Bend, including her involvement in social and political communities. She discusses adjusting to new technology such as cars, telephones, and radio. She recalls travel in the 1920s, visiting national parks, befriending a local Indigenous family in Preston, and her musicianship.

Indian, Haida elder, financial aid officer. Interviewed by Janet L. Peele. Garcia discusses her childhood illnesses, strict structure and gender segregation and at Catholic school in Canada, meeting her husband Jerry, founding the Tlingit and Haida Central Council, working with the American Indian Women's Service League and the Seattle Indian Center, researching and publishing a financial aid guide for Native American students, living in Seattle during WWII, organizing the National Indian Urban Council Convention, being a financial aid officer, and being socially active in her community now that she's retired.

In tape 1, side 1, Katherine briefly describes her experience with prejudice in both her white and Native American communities. She then talks about her first husband, Phillip, and his devout Catholicism. She was content to assume a traditional role. The interview is paused then restarted in the middle of a story about her mother. Sarah had made socks and spun her own wool in order to gain financial independence. Katherine transitions to the role of community and family in her life, mentioning quality time with Sarah and how she did not cry about her late husband until long after his death. The conversation shifts briefly about the time Katherine participated in a shake, but refocuses on traditional funerals and wakes. Katherine wonders about an old story about a burial and wonders about the old funerary method of excarnation. The side ends with Katherine resuming the explanation of mourning customs. In tape 1, side 2, Katherine starts by recalling the advice elders had given her about raising children. She then talks about her mother canning food, and her childhood days spent bringing elders on the reservation food. She describes the mistakes in Lushootseed she made over the years. She switches topics to the traditional idea of kinship living. She muses about how her mother fed all the people who lived in her house. The interviewer and Katherine have a conversation about the building and destruction of longhouses on the reservation they live in. Katherine recalls the traditional regalia of the PNW, and how they differ from Indigenous regalia from the Plains, specifically headdresses and moccasins.

Mrs. Geer was a high school French teacher. She collected dolls and did freelance writing as hobby interests. She is a twin and discusses twins in the interview.

Born 1894, she is a Nooksack. She attended school for only two years and first leaned English there. Her father died when she was young. After her mother died, her family married her to her mother's second husband's brother. She was age 14. Her husband died 21 or 22 years before these interviews. He wasn't able to earn enough money to feel the family so Louisa worked picking berries, hops and grapes. She tooks her children with her and one daughter died of tuberculosis. She continued to work in the fields, the cannery, and knitting socks after her husband died. George discusses work in the fields picking berries, hops and grapes and work in the cannery. She also discusses knitting socks, social activities, Pow Wows, her conversion to Christianity and its influence on her family. She sings a hymn in [language unknown] and mentions her husband as an Indian dancer who had supernatural powers. The summary of the interview with both George and Paul concerns music.

Zilpha Giddens (née Keys) was born in Payette, Idaho and travelled by covered wagon with her parents to North Bend, Oregon. She grew up mostly in South Bend, Washington. She married twice and worked for twenty years for Wigwam Stores in advertising. After retiring, she and her husband travelled to the South Pacific. She has written a book about her experiences.

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Volunteer with Hmong refugees, teacher. Interviewed by Jan Henry. Gould discusses growing up on a wheat farm in Davenport, WA (family and church traditions holidays, sewing, traveling around WA, and her parents' careers and relationship), her home economics teaching career, marriage, raising her daughters and teaching them "what the schools did not", being a campfire and 4-H leader, writing her family genealogy, traveling to Boston, founding a community senior center and a women's club, working with Hmong refugees, being honored by Ladies' Home Journal and President Reagan's Volunteer Action Award, arts and crafts, and her children and their marriages and children.

Deanne Marie Hofseth Graves was born in 1941 in Anchorage, Alaska. She is an Athabaskan-Teneh Indian.

Mrs. Griffen was a hospital worker in Louisana and a rivet bucker at Boeing in Seattle. The daughter of a Black mother and a Caucasian father, she was abused throughout her childhood by her mother who was ashamed of her.

Actor, director, and author Jessie Nores Haas was born in 1887 in Missouri. Haas's theater career began in 1910 in Los Angeles, where she went to work for the Ferris Hartman Opera Company. Over the next nine years, she traveled up and down the West Coast, performing in vaudeville shows. In 1919, she moved from Portland to Seattle with her husband, Saul Haas, whom she had married earlier that year. He worked as a reporter for The Union Record Chronicle. Later, he was director of customs for two terms under President Franklin Roosevelt. He started KIRO radio and KIRO television. The couple were divorced during World War II. After marriage and moving to Seattle, Jessie Haas became active in Seattle's theater community. Over the next half-century, she acted with many of the city's theater companies, including A Contemporary Theatre, Seattle Repertory Theatre, and the Cirque Dinner Theatre, where she played for 26 years in 36 productions. She performed on stage until she was 89, and continued to attend performances and support theaters well after her 100th birthday. For a time in the 1940s, she was also a columnist for The Capitol Hill Times. Haas was known for her idealism, energy, and zest for life. Her last project was regularly writing world leaders, encouraging them to declare one hour of peace worldwide and dedicate it to all the planet's 10-year-old children. She said: "Poor little Earth planet. I've just got to fix it so that we have peace on Earth." Jessie Nore Haas lived alone in her Capitol Hill home for decades. She died in 1991 at the age of 103.

Nurse, missionary in the Philippines, bible translator. Interviewed by Dana Anne Fehrenbacher. Hall discusses her childhood love of music, performing in many musical groups, studying nursing at Indiana University, becoming a Christian and deciding to be a missionary for Wycliffe (a bible translating organization) which sent her to jungle camp in Mexico where she met her husband Bill, going to work with the Subanon tribe in the Philippines, raising and homeschooling four children and their attending college in the USA, taking furloughs back to the USA, translating the entire New Testament into Subanon, and teaching literacy in Australia.

Public health nurse, massage therapist. Interviewed by Beverly Baker. Hallock discusses her childhood in Kent, WA, being active in performing arts in high school, attending the UW School of Nursing, serving as an army nurse both stateside and in the Pacific during WWII, caring for her parents, poultry farming, helping establish the hospice movement in Seattle, being active in the Nurses Association and working at the old Renton Hospital, becoming a massage therapist, and traveling in Asia.

Artist: intaglio printmaker. Interviewed by Bryley J. Hull. Harris discusses her childhood in Arizona, working at Yellowstone during her high school summers, getting her BS in architecture, volunteering with unwed mothers, political activities in Berkeley in the 1960's, relationship with her then-husband Steven, living in San Francisco, traveling in Europe and being ill there, teaching drafting at SPU, NSCC, and the UW Extension, working for the Indian Health Services in Alaska and teaching art to Alaskan children, working on her art at SPU, her involvement with Metro Arts Council, the Seattle Arts Community, and her and others' artwork: aesthetics, media, and architectural elements.

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Edith Heck is an Upper Chehalis. Her grandparents lived near the Klickitat River. Edith discusses her education at an Oakville boarding school and at Chemawa. She also discusses language, basketry, chores and her mother who worked for white people as a housekeeper. She recalls an incident in the hop fields and an Indian story about a dog and a bear. Informant's voice is faint.

Latina radio producer and court interpreter. Interviewed by Daphne Renee Lewis. Henrick discusses growing up in Lima, Peru, her mother, being adopted, the lives of her mother's maids, moving to the US at age 26, attending the University of Washington, working at Safeco and being homesick, deciding to stay in the United States permanently, meeting her husband John, pregnancy, doing radio shows for KUOW, her feelings about the "English only" movement in America and the nationwide cuts in Spanish radio programs, the difficulty of working as an interpreter for the courts, John's mother moving in with them and her death five years later, Peruvian funeral traditions, raising her daughter Karla to be bilingual, her relationship with John, and her inclusion in the educational card set "Women in Washington".

She discusses her early life, including her parent's homestead near Quincy, Wa. and her carrer as an adult education teacher and a home demonstration agent. She became Director of the U.S. Federal Extension Service. She moved to Seattle when she retired.

Tape 1 and tape 2 cover separate interviews in different settings. In tape 1, side 1, Vi Hilbert is interviewed by Jill G. Smith and another individual, who begin by asking her to take part in the Washington Women's Heritage Project. They then discuss Vi's recent research and storytelling, noting Vi's work transcribing and translating the stories of her Aunt Susie Sampson Peter for her Haboo book. They discuss memorizing oral history and Native Americans being "hungry" for their Indigenous language, and Vi explains her being charge of stewarding the language as a tribal elder. They touch on Vi teaching Lushootseed at the University of Washington and the politics of her imminently losing her position. Tape 1, side 2 continues with this topic, and then goes over themes in Vi's stories, the art of passing down tribal storytelling, and Vi's research process and interacting with students. Tape 2 covers Vi's upbringing and schooling in her own words. On side 1, she recounts being an only child and having her parents' full attention. She details her schooling, including at Chemawa Indian School, where she was disappointed with the lack of academic rigor and thus transferred to high school in Portland, Oregon. She then moved to Taholah and married her first husband, and she recognized how important her language and tribal customs were once she lived apart from them. She recounts renaming herself as an adult to taqʷšəblu. Vi's parents were Shakers and she attended shakes growing up. On both sides 1 and 2, she discusses her father receiving his Skalalitude (spirit power, Tamanawas) and the friction between the Shaker religion and traditional Native American beliefs and practices. In tape 2, side 2, Vi discusses public speaking expectations as a tribal elder, dating across families or classes within the tribe, and her enjoying meeting Native Americans from different backgrounds. Vi recalls working at the hospital at Chemawa, and she briefly mentions infant head flattening in her tribe.

In 1888 Cora Whiteman was born in a log cabin on a farm on Camus Creek in Umatilla County, Oregon. She attended a two-room school in Helix, Oregon, and high school in Olympia. In 1911 she went to work in the Secretary of State's Office, issuing automobile licenses, and shortly thereafter worked in the Treasurer's Office. In 1916 she was appointed Deputy Treasurer and served in that position until 1917 when she quit to start a family. In 1921 Cora and her husband Lawrence McIntosh moved to Port Angeles. In 1931 Lawrence died. Cora then ran the family's grocery business with the aid of her 13 year old son. In 1941 the store expanded and Cora ran it by herself until her retirement in 1953. In 1959 she married Blaine Hopp.

In 1888 Cora Whiteman was born in a log cabin on a farm on Camus Creek in Umatilla County, Oregon. She attended a two-room school in Helix, Oregon, and high school in Olympia. In 1911 she went to work in the Secretary of State's Office, issuing automobile licenses, and shortly thereafter worked in the Treasurer's Office. In 1916 she was appointed Deputy Treasurer and served in that position until 1917 when she quit to start a family. In 1921 Cora and her husband Lawrence McIntosh moved to Port Angeles. In 1931 Lawrence died. Cora then ran the family's grocery business with the aid of her 13 year old son. In 1941 the store expanded and Cora ran it by herself until her retirement in 1953. In 1959 she married Blaine Hopp.

Shirt press operator, nurse's aid, and hotel and motel maid.

Mary Hraska discusses her life in Austria, coming to the U.S. in 1912, and her life in the U.S. This is a copy of in interview conducted by Washington Women's Heritage Project.

[No information available]

Elizabeth Jackson was born in Portland in 1911 and attended the University of Oregon. She was a leader in the YWCA at both the local and national level. She was active in a number of social causes such as race relations and freedom of speech. In 1962, as Executive Director of the UW YWCA, she provided a forum for Gus Hall, the head of the American Communist Party, when he was denied an appearance at the University. She died in 1989.

Sara Jackson was born in Seattle in 1915. Hers was the only black family in a neighborhood of immigrants. Her mother worked cleaning houses to support the family after the father died. Her maternal grandfather came to this area from Tennessee in the late 1890s as a strike breaker. Her family lived in the Rainier Valley, among Italian truck farmers when they first settled in Seattle. Her Uncle John knew Warren G. Magnuson at the University and became the first black judge in Seattle. Her grandmother worked in a laundry operated by the Church of God in Christ and was a midwife and herbalist. Sara began working cleaning houses when she was 12. She graduated from Queen Anne High School. She acted with the WPA Black Theater group from 1935 or 36 until 1939 when it closed. After that she did one play for Mrs. James and later worked in the Black Arts Theater and Black Arts West. She held various jobs during WWII. She worked for Seattle Family Counseling Service and Visiting Nurses Service from 1967-79, helping troubled families. Jackson recalls the Queen Anne hill neighborhood in her childhood and how the neighbors were an extended family. She discusses her family and ancestors. She recalls racial prejudice in Seattle when she was young. She also describes the beginnings of the WPA Black Theater group (begun by Florence James [?]). She discusses her marriage and 3 children.

Jacobs discusses her life, including her experiences as a folklorist, doing fieldwork with her husband.

Born in 1933. Tiny Jones discusses her early life, service in the Navy, gay life in Seattle, raising cattle in Denmark, membership in the MCC Church, and alcoholism.

Sarah "Sally" Josenhaus was born in Seattle in 1890. He mother, Emma Parsons, was born in Turkey, educated at Hingham Women's College, N.Y., and was a musician, teacher, and writer. Her father, Anton Josenhaus, was born in Germany, educated at University of Michigan and worked as an architect in private business as an engineer for the city of Seattle. Sally attended the UW and worked as a teacher, teaching various high school subjects. She never married. Her family was actively involved in arts and politics in Seattle. Anna Louise Strong and her family lived with Sally's family for about one year in 1908. Sally shared a room with Anna Louise. The Josenhaus' were members of Sydney Strong's congregation. Josenhaus discusses her life from 1890-1979, including family relationships, family history, early years in Seattle, her school days, politics, hobbies, her views on marriage and her teaching career.

Indian, Umatilla artist. Interviewed by Sally Christine Peterson. Jull discusses her childhood living on the Umatilla Reservation near Pendleton, Oregon, Catholic boarding school, her father and 3 brothers, singing in the choir in public high school, her good relationship with her Aunt, meeting her husband Louie at the "Round-Up" (carnival), her three daughters, and working with her husband on their beadwork art.

[No information available]

[No information available]

Farm daughter, quilter, fur trapper. Interviewed by A. Jill Christenson-Loll. Kelley discusses growing up as a member of a big family in the Catskills in NY, then coming West with her immediate family for the Alaska gold rush. Her mother died soon after, and she and her brothers lived with their father near Bremerton in a farmhouse with no electricity or running water. She tells of constantly doing both house- and farmwork, boating up the river to sell their farm produce, disliking school, her brothers serving in WWI and the hardship on the family, eloping with her husband George, marriage, trapping game, quilting, dollmaking, taxidermy, raising children, and living at the Foss Home in Seattle.

Teacher, civil rights activist. Interviewed by Amanda Sawicki. King discusses her childhood in Seattle, raising animals in their backyard, the Great Depression, sexism and activities in school, her mother's death and father's strokes, relationship with her younger brother, enjoying books, college, getting married and moving to Detroit, getting married again and teaching school in Edmonds, WA and the politics in the school system, her second divorce, involvement in the women's movement, Christian Science and choosing not to join that church, raising foster children, working for the democratic party, quilting, volunteering for the Chicken Soup Brigade, and Washington sex legislation.

Doctor, TB survivor. Interviewed by Bethany Crouse. Kingsbury discusses her friendships and activities in the convent school in California, deciding to become a doctor, fencing at Hunter College, NYU Medical School, living in a Tuberculosis sanatorium, moving to Seattle and working at Firlands TB sanatorium, teaching medicine, opening a private practice in respiratory disease and family medicine, working to legalize abortion in Washington, volunteering on the board of the Church for Homeless Women, and meeting and marrying her husband Chester.

Dee Knemeyer is the mother of a son, Bill, who experienced kidney failure. The interview discusses the progress of Bill's disease, his life on a kidney machine, and his kidney transplants. She also discusses how this illness affected her family life and how she held the family together throughout.

[No information available]

The first side of tape 1 discusses Myrtle's childhood, including where and when her siblings were born. Side 2 of tape 1 discussed Myrtle's experience supporting her son, Eugene Landry (who became a famous painter), through a series of medical traumas after recovering from tubercular meningitis, including mistreatment that resulted in his paralysis. They also discussed clam digging, crabbing, duck hunting, snipe hunting, seal hunting, butchering, berry picking, the Great Depression, and World War II. The first side of tape 2 was extremely short, but it included discussion of her grandfather, a Chinook chief named George "Lighthouse" Charley, and grandmother. On the second side of the first tape, they discuss family, education, her time at the Chemawa Indian School, prejudice, racism, unemployment, reservation life, tribal leadership, alcoholism, and drug addiction. On the second side of the second tape, they discuss the Shaker Church, tamanawis (also spelled tamanawus and tamanawas in different sources), Indigenous medicine, family planning, birth control, culture change, makeup, rites of passage, and her racial identity.

Indian (Chemainus Bay) UW janitor, mother. Interviewed by Pamela Creasy. Leggett discusses life on the reservation and fishing and gathering food there, attending boarding school, her uncle and brother's suicides, following the crops with her mother as a migrant worker, living in foster care, prejudice against Indians, meeting and marrying Gilbert and raising five children, living in Idaho with Gilbert's parents, being reunited with her family, her best friend Lorie and her death, divorcing Gilbert, working as a janitor at the UW for 19 years and retiring due to congestive heart failure, her children's lives, and her common-law marriage to Don and his death.

Marwayne Leipzig was born in 1918. She is an astrologer.

Margaret Louise Lueders, secretary, commercial artist, newsletter editor, activist on behalf of the elderly and of single persons. Founder of Solo Center, a support group for single adults.

Bookkeeper and stenographer. Interviewed by Shannon Moulton. Carlson discusses her parents' emigration from Sweden to Seattle, growing up near Eatonville, WA and her family relationships, playing with her siblings, childhood chores, the Baptist church and its early influence on her, moving to Seattle after high school, finding a job during the Depression, getting married, having children and being a working mother, her mother moving in with her after her father's death, enjoying her work, her religious faith, her husband Clarence's death, traveling, and being a retired single woman.

Mrs. Lyons describes her childhood during the Depression and her adult years in Seattle. She was a beautician.

Mrs. Lyons describes her childhood during the Depression and her adult years in Seattle. She was a beautician.

[No information available]

Robin, born Robin Miller in 1963 in New Mexico, grew up in Jerome, Idaho, attended two Bible colleges, and after her diagnosis of cancer has worked in Seattle at Hands Off Washington, a civil rights organization for sexual minorities. She changed her name to her mother's and grandmother's maiden surnames. Lesbian, person with cancer. Interviewed by Libby Lunstrum. Magonegil-Wontoch discusses her and her sisters' childhood abuse by their parents, her close relationship with her sisters, playing football and enjoying "traditionally unfeminine" activities as a child, discovering her attraction to women, joining the fundamentalist Baptist church, attending Bible colleges, turning away from organized religion but remaining a spiritual person, falling in love and living with her friend Kathy, coming out, living with cervical and lymphatic cancer and her treatment, and working full time at Hands-Off Washington.

Irish domestic worker, mother. Interviewed by Heidi McKenzie. Mangan discusses her grandparents' and parents' lives in Ireland, her childhood in Ireland including life and work on her farm without electricity or running water, the weather, school, crafts, and relationships with her large family, and the Catholic Church, coming by boat to New York City and finding work as a domestic servant during the Great Depression, courtship and marriage, raising children and their scholarship, being a working mother, rationing and dances in WWII, moving to Washington DC and Seattle, her daughter and husband's deaths, grandchildren, and traveling to Ireland throughout her life.

Timmie was born in Aberdeen, WA in 1913 of Finnish parents. She tells of her childhood as an only child, and discusses school, sports, nurses training and her work as a nurse and later a stewardess (pre-WWII). She further talks about her marriage, two sons and spending much time and energy entertaining the clients of her husbands business. Timmie also discusses family relationships, her medical problems and her interests in sports and metaphysics. She tells how she helped start adult education in the Bellevue School district.

African-American lesbian, mother. Interviewed by Chris Kuhel. Masakella discusses growing up in Pennsylvania and racism in Catholic school there, moving to New York and working as a prostitute, Living with her aunt in Philadelphia, working as a maid, her five-year marriage, her daughter Rhakisha's health problems and death, attending Malcolm X College, questioning her sexuality, her relationship with her mother, moving to Seattle, depression, working with social services helping Southeast Asian refugees, attending Griffin Business College, getting a job as a bouncer and becoming involved in Seattle's gay community, "Chooses to be in fringe of S&M community", her abusive relationship with her girlfriend Laura, her daughter Rashida's running away, and working at the center for battered women in Everett.

Mrs. Mason, a homemaker with four surviving children, worked for a time as a sales clerk at the Pike Place Market. Although she has multiple sclerosis, she is an extremely active volunteer in civic and environmental groups.

This is a copy of an interview conducted by Western Washington University Heritage Project with Lucile Mason who was born in Palo Alto, but who spent her childhood in the Skagit Valley. She taught at Wellsley, University of California at San Francisco, and Mills College.

Catholic seamstress, stroke survivor. Interviewed by Joan Haugen. McAteer discusses her genealogy, leaving school at age twelve (her father died) playing in the family band and singing in the church choir, dances, marrying her husband George, having two children, living all over the US, working for the State of Washington Dept. of Insurance after George's death in 1957, bowling, her children's lives and how proud she is of their education and accomplishments, her two strokes and how limited mobility limits her life, her friends' deaths, and aging.

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Linnette McKay is a Tulalip. Linnette McKay discusses life on a farm where her mother kept chickens and sheep. She discusses sheep shearing, wool washing, spinning and knitting. She thought of her mother as provider. Her mother also cooked for her father's logging crew. Linnette discusses her education and her work as a Community Health Representative.

McKenney recalls living on the ocean while growing up, with clamming at Moclips and trolling with her father. Her grandmother tried to sell her mother to a rich man. She also discusses her father's drinking, her year spent at Children's Orthopedic Hospital, school, a flu epidemic, cranberry picking, and the clothing she wore as a girl. She discusses her mother, who was the disciplinarian.

Margaret was born in 1915 in Ketchikan, Alaska. Her father was a forester and a graduate of the UW. The family moved from Seattle to Ketchikan to build fish traps. The family returned to Seattle briefly, but soon moved to California, then Arizona where her father worked as a teacher. The family next moved to Roslyn, then Moscow, Idaho where Margaret attended college and graduated in 1935 with a degree in dietetics. She interned in Philadelphia, worked as an assistant dietician in a mental hospital in Towson, Maryland and as a dietician in an Oklahoma hospital. She spend a year at the Quakers' Pendle Hill, Pennsylvania Institute for advanced study. She then moved to Moscow to stay with her father after which her sister commited suicide. Margaret moved to Coeur d'Alene where she shared a houseboat with a friend. She fell in love with a soldier and after he was shipped overseas she had his child. She moved to Berkeley, California with her daughter and for the next five years lived with a friend named Mary who also had an illegitimate child. McMurtrey recalls her memories of life in Ketchikan, Alaska and Roslyn, Arizona. She describes her moves to Idaho, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Oklahoma, and California. She talks of the large numbers of women who bore illegitimate children during World War II.

Frances Maskimen was the first lady boilermaker in the state, possibly in the world. She was born 1899 near Eldorado Springs, Missouri. Her father was alternately a miner and farmer. The Marsha Lash interview with Frances Meskimen dicusses her book "Story of My Life," her early family life on a farm, her early work experiences, meeting and marrying her husband, a welder, and working as a boilermaker. In the Pollack interview Frances discusses her family, her childhood, and how at age 10 she assumed most of the homemaking chores. Her formal schooling was only until the eight grade, but she continued to educate herself. The family moved to Eldorado, Kansas where she met her husband. Frances learned how to do boilermaking from her husband. Prior to WWII she and her husband came to Washington. During the war, she worked in shipyards.

Mrs. Miesse was a bookkeeper and clerical worker at UWCA in Spokane, then a personal counselor and supervisor of telephone operators at Seattle YWCA from 1936 to 1946. She later worked for a doctor in Olympia, where she now lives.

On side 1, Doris describes growing up in Skokomish, where her grandmother, a prominent Shaker who often travelled around the state, raised her and her brother. They went huckleberry picking in Mount Rainier, clam digging and preservation, and her education at Shelton and Chemawa Indian School. On side 2, they discuss head flattening, her grandmother's employment, not learning her language, attending Lower Skokomish School with both white and Indigenous children, and picking all sorts of berries and making jams and jellies. She describes the Old Indian Henry Trail they used to hike and camp on while picking berries at Mount Rainier, as well as the plane crash that temporarily closed it. Doris also went into more detail about her time at Chemawa. She spent much of her free time playing baseball.

[No information available]

Susan Moore's mother was an Indian but her father was not. She was born in Poplar, Montana but lived much of her childhood with an aunt in Seattle. She discusses Chemawa, family life, and events from her childhood.

Mrs. Nelson, long-time resident of Bainbridge Island, was manager of the Seabold Store on the Island.

Interviewer is Margaret Newell's daughter. Margaret's maternal grandparents came from Germany to Illinois in the 1860s and farmed. Her paternal grandparents were German immigrants also. Her parents met and became engaged by mail. They both came from farming families and lived on a Nebraska farm after their marriage in 1913. In 1926 the family moved to the grandparent's farm in Illinois. The grandparents spoke German. Ms. Newell discusses her parents and their marriage, her childhood, schooling, and ambitions. She also recalls the Great Depression during which time she attended beauty college.

In tape 1, side 1, Alice and an unnamed friend reminisce about their childhood in Taholah and discuss Alice's grandmother, a community leader and basket maker. Alice recalls the downturn of her life when she moved to Seattle and her time in juvenile institutions, as well as financial and legal struggles working in the fishing and timber industries and battling the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Rayonier in a lawsuit alongside her husband. Alice comments on Native American culture of generosity. She discusses her prolonged substance abuse problems and the positive impact her mother in law and Christian faith had on these issues. In tape 1, side 2, Alice and her friend continue discussing childhood and list their friends and family in Taholah. Alice discusses spending time with her grandfather in Queets, picking berries and canning fruit, smoking and drying fish, and swimming in local waters. She reflects on the Taholah community helping each other and opening their homes to each other, as well as her relationship with her parents and her mother's discipline. She briefly touches on her experience at school and summarizes her feelings moving in and out of Taholah, Moclips, and Seattle. There is an unclear narrative about receiving help and protection from her aunt(s) as a teen.

Josephine Oliver is part Lummi and part Duwamish. Her interview discusses education, racial discrimination, fishing, and funeral customs.

[No information available]

Born 1914, Kathryn Stover was a teacher and during the summers of 1943-1945 worked at the Seattle Boeing defense plant as an inspector. Tape 1, side 1, discusses her work at Boeing and World War II in general. The rest of the interview is stories involving her mother, father, friends, early childhood to adult life. Topics covered are the Seattle fire, father's driving team, household help, education, Fred Hutchinson birthday party, sorority, chemistry classes at the UW, unwed mothers, abortion, voting, Indians and mother's first exposure to, marriage vs. career, courtship, sister, friends, dependent relationships in marriage, favorite dress, animals, husband's like of hunting. Tape 1, side 1 is transcribed.

Artist, jeweler. Interviewed by Gina D. Pankowski. Palmer discusses loving the part of her childhood she spent in Mexico, moving to Texas and liking it less, ballet, meeting and living with boyfriend Bob, working making puppets, art classes in college, training and working as a commercial jeweler, then an art jeweler, her art shows, therapy for child abuse issues, first marriage, infertility, divorce, volunteering at a prison, falling in love with an inmate named David and marrying him, feelings of isolation, how making jewelry based on children's drawings is "freeing", friendships, and what her art means to her.

Copy of an interview conducted by WWU Heritage Project. Includes summary of tape No. 45, but no tape. Part II is on one side of L. George tape. Helen Paul was born in Everson, Wash. to a family of 10 children. She picked berries, cherries, tomatoes and onions, following the crops. She had her first child before she was married to her husband, a cook. They lived in Seattle for 20 years. She describes bringing groceries by canoe from Bellingham and work in canneries. She also discusses childhood activities and chores, clothing, birthing, languages, gatherings and traditional crafts. She describes her parents' home and its furnishings.

Helen Peterson has lived all her life at Neah Bay. Both parents were from chieftain families, and her paternal grandfather was Chief Peter. Helen's family was well to do and lived in a big house. The family was conscious of their status and were expected to live up to certain standards. They were well educated and her father taught school before he bought and operated schooners. These schooners followed the seals to the Bering Sea. Her great grandmother came from Canada and brought slaves with her. Her father also had a store and employed quite a few people. A nursemade took care of Helen. Her parents and aunts taught her how to behave like a princess and taught her noblesse oblige. Helen was sent to Ballard to complete her education. She got along well with whites both in Neah Bay and Ballard. Her best friend was a Swedish girl. She tries to promote understanding between the races. Helen also discusses traditional Makah crafts and activities such as fishing, trading and basket weaving. She discusses their songs and sings a Makah lullaby. She also recalls childhood pastimes, Makah societies, and other social activities. She has tried to keep the language and culture alive and is encouraged by recent progress. She discusses her civic activities.

Ph.D. African-American playwright, actress, director, and teacher. Interviewed by Kristin K. Thompson. Pettiford-Wates discusses her youth in Harrisburg, PA, experiences of racism in school, her parents' support, the death of Martin Luther King, Jr., studying drama in London as a teenager, attending Carnegie-Mellon University, seeing, acting in, and "for colored girls who have considered suicide/when the rainbow is enuf", meeting and marrying Luther, directing and choreographing plays, musicals, and operas, writing and performing her play "Nappy Edges", teaching drama and directing the drama department at Seattle Central Community College, earning her doctorate, and raising three children.

Nikki Dawn Phillips, a transsexual, was born Donald Philip Nicholson and underwent gender surgery in 1979.

On tape 1, side 1, Mildred discusses how Taholah has changed over time, including an increase in houses as families spread out into nuclear households. She also discusses the longhouse, Indian doctors, the Shaker Church, the death of her younger sister, her parents and grandparents, kinship, and head-flattening practices. On tape 1, side 2, they spend more time discussing family, including her grandfather's polygamous marriage, speaking French and Indigenous languages, the increase in mobility due to cars and the way that has changed parenting, the importance of education, class structures, changing leadership in the tribe due to poor management and alcoholism, Mildred's work supporting young people seeking higher education, and her experience at Chemawa Indian School. On tape 2, side 1, they spend more time discussing Mildred's childhood out on the coast and barges, taking care of her younger brother, digging clams and fishing, the Great Depression, strawberry picking, her parents' discipline, her mother's swimming and independence, her father's garden, her parents' involvement in the Democratic Club and local and state activism, cars, attending school in Tokeland, bullying, and friendship. On tape 2, side 2, Mildred describes her school friends, engaging with Catholicism, attending Chemawa Indian School, babysitting, moving to Seattle during World War II, the Great Depression, land ownership, parenting, discipline, her grandmother's basket making, camping, making buckskin bread, her racial awakening, and spending time with a wealthy friend.

Nurse, farm daughter, mother. Interviewed by Madelaine Moir. Price discusses growing up in Sugar Mountain in North Carolina at length, including details of daily family life and traditions, her family relationships, working on her uncle's farm, meeting and marrying her husband Forest, the birth of their son and his death at 5 months, the births of their other children, driving the entire family from Maryland to Alaska in a big car loaded with staple foods, living in Alaska, California, Oregon, and then Sequim, WA, her children going to school and their family trips and activities, becoming a nurse at age 42, working in nursing homes and Forest working as an electrical and building inspector, her childrens' weddings, and her grandchildren.

Theosophist. Interviewed by Barbara Nims. Pym discusses her family history, childhood and adolescence in Seattle, her involvement with the Theosophical Society from a young age, meeting her husband Leonard, building a house with him, raising 2 children, working for Shoreline Community College, her divorce, serving on the National Board of the Theosophical Society, and traveling to Egypt.

Quintero discusses her childhood in the Philippines, her experiences during World War II, her courtship, separation from her husband, journey to America, and adjustment to American life. She also discusses the Filipino community in Seattle and her activities.

[No information available]

Lillian Amorette Day Richards (1905-1992) headed a school social work program in Tacoma in 1944 and started a similiar program in the Seattle Public Schools in 1948. She retired from the Seattle Public Schools in 1971. Richards and her younger colleague, Lois Logan Horn, collected most of this material.

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Esther Rorrison's grandmother was born on the Oneida reservation. Her father was a college educator-superintendent. Esther was born in 1895 and the family lived in Stevens Point, then Oshgosh. Their life in the East was formal and well-to-do. The family moved to a farm near Bothell where living conditions were more primitive. Her father attempted to farm but eventually gave up and taught school. After a fire destroyed their house the family lived in a circus tent for a time. Esther attended the U. of Washington, majoring in German and English. The interview also discusses the family's Sunday activities, hardships on the farm, and life on campus before and during WWI.

[No information available]

The interviewer is the informant's niece. The interview is a family history. Mary Russell also discusses her experiences as a WWII nurse.

Ruby Rutelonis, owner of the Market Spice Shop, Pike Place Market, discusses her family background, her marriages, her various occupations, and her spiritualism.

On tape 1, side 1, Patricia describes meeting Indigenous Olympian Billy Mills, the daffodil farm, Shaker Church, her childhood, fishing, traditional medicine, spirits, ghost stories, and parental discipline. The second side of the tape goes into more detail on the Shaker Church and her gift of sight, marriage, clam digging, her time in Seattle (where she attended the Bailey Gatzert School), and parenting.

Math teacher, world traveler. Interviewed by Rena Bussinger. Sanderman discusses her socially active and musical childhood in Seattle, enjoying math in high school, attending Whitworth College, meeting her husband Dan, teaching high school math, Dan's suicide, marriage to and separation from Bob and his death from cancer, traveling around the world alone and her annual travels, her love of music and teaching math, friendship with Ward and Mickey, brain surgery to treat hemifacial spasm, and her hopes for the future.

Ellen Savage was born in Fallsberg (?) Montana where her father was a hard rock miner. Her mother and grandmother were practical nurses. While her father mined in Alaska the family moved to Missoula where her mother worked as a waitress in a hotel. They all moved to Seattle ca. 1900 and lived first on Yesler and 8th. Her father bought property on 23rd and Jackson and a rooming house which they rented. The lived on 26th near the "Italian Gardens." She recalls when Green Lake froze over and she skated on it. She entered nurses training at Providence Hospital. Savage describes her memories of childhood and family life. She later discusses dating, boyfriends, courtship, then marriage.

Nurse, founder of the Harmony House Wellness Center. Interviewed by Kristen Olsen. Schodde discusses growing up on a farm, her grandmother's suicide, her alcohol problem and overcoming it, attending nursing school, traveling to Nepal (Buddhist medicine, hiking and camping, studying village health care) and how it changed her life, spirituality, her vision of creating a Wellness Center in the country, the Nurse Practitioners Act, and founding Harmony House of Union and its development over a decade.

The interviewer is Irene Shale's niece. Irene Shale, a Shoalwater Bay Indian, was born in 1907. She discusses men's work and women's work, crocheting, shamans, her grandmother, potlatch, Shakers, travel, fishing, crabbing, trading, school, working on her father's seiner on Peacock Spit, working on her Model A when she was 17, and hauling gas by canoe to the road canoes near Queets.

Mrs. Sides was a blueprint tracer in the Boeing art department. Before that she had worked as a telephone operator and teacher.

Eleanor's mother was Tulalip, her father a Creek Indian from Oklahoma. Eleanor lived in an orphanage for a time when she was young. She also worked in the fields with her mother and lived with her father in Oklahoma. She discusses family life and differences between Northwest and Oklahoma Indian cultures. She also discusses her education.