View XML QR Code

James Gilchrist Swan papers, 1833-1909

Overview of the Collection

Creator
Swan, James G., 1818-1900
Title
James Gilchrist Swan papers
Dates
1833-1909 (inclusive)
Quantity
3.42 cubic feet (13 boxes, 1 vertical file)
Collection Number
1703
Summary
Diaries, letters, writings, and other records of a Washington pioneer, lawyer, historian, and authority on Northwest Indians
Repository
University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections
Special Collections
University of Washington Libraries
Box 352900
Seattle, WA
98195-2900
Telephone: 2065431929
Fax: 2065431931
speccoll@uw.edu
Access Restrictions

Open to all users.

Request at UW

Languages
English
Sponsor
Funding for encoding this finding aid was partially provided through a grant awarded by the National Endowment for the Humanities
Return to Top

Biographical Note

James Gilchrist Swan -- anthropologist, judge, political advisor, artist, schoolteacher, and promoter of Port Townsend (to mention just a few of his occupations) -- was one of the most colorful personalities of Washington State's territorial period (1853-1889). Swan was born in Massachusetts in 1818 and married Mathilda Loning in 1841. He left his wife and two children in 1850, heading to gold rush San Francisco. In 1852 Swan departed for Shoalwater Bay (now called Grays Harbor). He learned the Chinook jargon, and this knowledge led Washington Governor Isaac Stevens to pick Swan as one of several translators for treaty negotiations with the Indians of Western Washington during 1854 and 1855. Swan then returned east and wrote a book, The Northwest Coast; or, Three Years' Residence in Washington Territory. He later worked as Isaac Stevens's personal secretary when Stevens served his first term as the Washington Territory's delegate to the U.S. Congress in 1857 and 1858.

When Congress adjourned, Swan returned to Washington. He spent the next three years shuttling back and forth between Port Townsend and the Makah Indian Reservation at Neah Bay, supporting himself by writing for a variety of newspapers. In 1862 the local U.S. Indian agent appointed Swan the first schoolteacher at the Makah Reservation. Swan supervised construction of the school while convincing Makah parents to send their children there. Believing in acculturation yet still valuing native ways, Swan taught English, farming, and sewing in his school. He was well liked and respected by the Makah. Swan, who was probably the first white person to learn the Makah language, spent his spare time writing an ethnography of the Makah, later published by the Smithsonian Institution. Under criticism for failing to teach Christianity to the Makah, Swan resigned in 1866 and moved to Port Townsend.

Swan was admitted to the bar in 1867 and began practicing admiralty law. The following year he was appointed to the Pilotage Commission of Puget Sound, the agency which examined sea pilots and issued licenses. In 1882 he became a U.S. commissioner (district court judge). He also took the postition of Hawaiian consul to the United States at Port Townsend in 1882. Swan held these jobs for the rest of his life, but he was not particularly fond of them. They paid poorly, and Swan frequently took leaves of absence to go in search of adventure. He worked as a special agent for the Northern Pacific Railway from 1867 to 1871, surveying potential terminuses. (Not surprisingly, he recommended Port Townsend). The Smithsonian Institution hired Swan to collect Indian artifacts for the 1876 world's fair in Philadelphia, the 1884 fair in London, and the 1893 exposition in Chicago. The Smithsonian thus funded Swan's collecting trips to British Columbia and Southeast Alaska in 1875 and 1883. Swan published two articles on the Haida Indians from the notes he took on these trips. An appointment as deputy customs collector for Neah Bay allowed Swan to live at the Makah reservation from 1878 to 1881. The U.S. Fish Commission asked Swan to write a series of reports on the fish and fisheries of the northern Pacific, permitting him to visit Neah Bay intermittently between 1882 and 1891. Swan spent the rest of his life in Port Townsend, dying there in 1900.

Return to Top

Content Description

The collection consists of diaries (1859-1898), correspondence, business records, reports, family genealogical material and correspondence, financial records, and historical and cultural writings relating to Swan's experiences as a pioneer in Washington, authority on Pacific Northwest Indians, and Indian artifact collector on behalf of the Smithsonian Institution. Includes papers on his appointment as a teacher at the Makah Indian Reservation in 1862, and his trips to Alaska, Great Britain, and the Queen Charlotte Islands in British Columbia, to procure Haida Indian artifacts for the Smithsonian Institution.

Return to Top

Use of the Collection

Restrictions on Use

Some restrictions exist on copying, quotation, or publication. Contact the Special Collections division, University of Washington Libraries for details.

Preferred Citation

Preferred citation: James Gilchrist Swan Papers. Special Collections, University of Washington Libraries, Seattle, Washington.

Return to Top

Administrative Information

Arrangement

Organized into 2 accessions.

  • Accession No. 1703-001, James G. Swan papers, 1841-1909
  • Accession No. 1703-003, James G. Swan papers, 1833-1900

Bibliography

Lucile Saunders McDonald, Swan Among the Indians: Life of James G. Swan, 1818-1900; Based Upon Swan's Hitherto Unpublished Diaries and Journals (Portland, Or.: Binfords & Mort, 1972). This volume provides a detailed biography.

Ivan Doig, Winter Brothers: A Season at the Edge of America (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980). This biography offers a an interesting, but less detailed interpretation of Swan's life.

James Gilchrist Swan, Almost Out of the World: Scenes from Washington Territory: the Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1859-61, ed. by William A. Katz (Tacoma: Washington State Historical Society, 1971). This book reprints many of Swan's newspaper articles and contains a list of all of Swan's publications.

James Gilchrist Swan, The Northwest Coast; or, Three Years' Residence in Washington Territory (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972). Reprint of the 1857 edition (New York, Harper & Brothers).

James Gilchrist Swan, The Indians of Cape Flattery, at the Entrance to the Strait of Fuca, Washington Territory (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1870). Vol. 16 in the series: Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.

James Gilchrist Swan, The Haidah Indians of the Queen Charlottes Islands, British Columbia (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1874). Vol. 21 in the series: Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.

Franz Stenzel, Early Days in the Northwest: Prints, Paintings; Drawings by James G. Swan (Portland: Portland Art Museum, 1959). Reprints of some of Swan's drawings.

Related Materials

A large collection of Swan's correspondence and case files, 1852 to 1907, is held by the University of British Columbia Library, Rare Books and Special Collections division, under the title the James Gilchrist Swan Papers. This material is available on microfilm in the University of Washington Libraries Microform and Newspaper Collections, microfilm no. A8576 (9 reels). A copy of the finding aid for the UBC collection is available in the repository and online .

Swan's address to the legislature of British Columbia and his report to the Smithsonian Institution, both dated 1884 and both regarding the Haida Indians and the Queen Charlotte Islands, is available on microfiche in the University of Washington Libraries Microform and Newspaper Collections. Originals are held by the British Columbia Provincial Archives.

Swan's correspondence with the Smithsonian Institution concerning his Indian artifact collecting activities, 1860s-1890s, is held by the National Archives, Washington, D.C.; one reel of microfilm is available in the University of Washington Libraries Microform and Newspaper Collections, microfilm no. A2923.

The Museum of History and Industry in Seattle has five of Swan's letterpress copybooks, 1883 to 1891, containing outgoing letters relating to his government positions, as well as personal correspondence, 1890 to 1896.

The Seattle branch of the National Archives holds a volume entitled, Docket and Record of James G. Swan, U.S. Commissioner, Pt. Townsend, 1892-1897.

The Eastern Washington Historical Society in Spokane has copies of Isaac Stevens's correspondence with Swan.

The Jefferson County Historical Society in Port Townsend has approximately a dozen Swan letters, as well as a series of newspaper clippings about him.

Artwork by Swan, as well as several boxes of correspondence and materials about Swan, are available in the Franz R. and Kathryn M. Stenzel Collection of Western American Art (WA MSS S-2368), and their collection of Research Files on Western American Art (WA MSS S-2369), held by the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

Many of Swan's drawings, as well as his diaries from 1898 to 1900, are in private hands and are therefore currently inaccessible to researchers.

Return to Top

Detailed Description of the Collection

 

Names and SubjectsReturn to Top

Subject Terms

  • Frontier and pioneer life--Washington (State)
  • Haida Indians
  • Indian reservations--Washington (State)
  • Indians of North America--Antiquities
  • Indians of North America--British Columbia
  • Indians of North America--Northwest, Pacific
  • Indians of North America--Washington (State)
  • Lawyers--Washington (State)
  • Makah Indians
  • Personal Papers/Corporate Records (University of Washington)
  • Pioneers--Washington (State)
  • Teachers--Washington (State)

Personal Names

  • Swan family--Correspondence
  • Swan, Caleb, 1790-1872
  • Swan, James G., 1818-1900--Archives
  • Swan, Peggy, 1790-1863

Corporate Names

  • Smithsonian Institution
  • Wolcott (Ship)

Geographical Names

  • Alaska--Description and travel
  • Great Britain--Description and travel
  • Liverpool (England)--Description and travel
  • Makah Indian Reservation (Wash.)
  • Neah Bay (Wash.)
  • Queen Charlotte Islands (B.C.)--Description and travel
Loading...
Loading...