Howard Fisher editorial cartoons, 1920s-1961?

Berlin newspapers called Hitler and Mussolini the "Two Greatest Men of the Century" on May 4, 1938.

British-French-Italian Agreements probably references the agreements that were formalized in 1939.

Russia: "Imperialistic appetites" probably references a speech by Trotsky from 1917.

Italy/Germany: "The time for the spoilation of England is at hand" probably references the Blitz of 1940.

Japan: "A new order for Greater East Asia" probably references the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere plan of 1940.

References Hitler's speech to Reichstag on April 28, 1939.

May reference the movie She Done Him Wrong (1933) with Mae West.

The United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO), commonly known as the San Francisco Conference, was a convention of delegates from 50 Allied nations that took place from April 25 to June 26, 1945 in San Francisco, California.

In 1948, General Federation of Women's Clubs held their 57th convention in Portland.

America entered World War I in April 1917.

John Bull is an imaginary figure who is a personification of England, similar to the American ‘Uncle Sam’. The Balearic Islands are an archipelago of Spain in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.

USS Sailfish (SS-192), was a US Sargo-class submarine, originally named Squalus. As the Squalus, the submarine sank off the coast of New Hampshire during test dives on 23 May 1939. The sinking drowned 26 crew members, but an ensuing rescue operation using the McCann Rescue Chamber saved the lives of the remaining 33 aboard. The submarine was salvaged in late 1939 and decommissioned. HMS Thetis (N25) was a Group 1 T-class submarine of the Royal Navy which served under two names. Under her first identity, HMS Thetis, she commenced sea trials on 4 March 1939. She sank during trials on 1 June 1939 with the loss of 99 lives. She was salvaged, repaired and recommissioned as HMS Thunderbolt serving in the Atlantic and Mediterranean theatres until she was lost with all hands on 14 March 1943.[1] This makes Thetis one of the few military vessels that have been lost twice with their crews in their service history. Phénix is one of the 31 Redoutable-class submarines built between 1924 and 1937 for the French Navy. It was launched April 12, 1930, commissioned on October 21, 1932, and sunk accidentally on June 15, 1939 off Indochina.

Probably refers to the Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran, whose purpose was to secure Iranian oil fields and ensure Allied supply lines for the USSR, fighting against Axis forces on the Eastern Front. The initial Iranian government had an economic relationship with Germany.

Zero Hour probably refers to "a time at which some great military action has to take place."

"The Underground" probably refers to the Underground Resistance Movements in Europe that combatted the Axis Powers.

Probably references the Council formed at the 1945 Potsdam Conference.

Could refer to the Dutch Water Line. The Maginot Line is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles, and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter a German invasion. The line was unable to prevent an invasion by German troops who entered France via Belgium in May 1940. It has since become a metaphor for expensive efforts that offer a false sense of security. A blackout is the practice of collectively minimizing outdoor light, including upwardly directed (or reflected) light to prevent enemy aircraft from being able to identify their targets by sight.

Could reference the build up of Dutch military from August 1939 to April 1940. Milkmaid design could possibly reference the logo for Old Dutch Cleanser.

Could reference the increase of a Soviet threat to the Finnish before the Winter War.

Manchuria was invaded in 1931 and the USSR threatened to invade Finland in 1939.

Could reference the Winter War or the Continuation War.

Could reference the Winter War or the Continuation War.

Could reference the German invasion of Norway. The term "schweinhund," meaning "pig-dog" is a very vulgar word in German.

The top quote is an excerpt from Neville Chamberlain's speech to the House of Commons on March 24, 1938. The second quote is an exerpt from a speech Anthony Eden gave at Leamington on November 20, 1936.

Neville Chamberlain was a British Conservative Party statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940. Chamberlain is best known for his foreign policy of appeasement, and for signing the Munich Agreement in 1938. Chamberlain led Britain through the first eight months of the Second World War.

Neville Chamberlain was a British Conservative Party statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940. Chamberlain is best known for his foreign policy of appeasement, and for signing the Munich Agreement in 1938. Chamberlain led Britain through the first eight months of the Second World War.

Could refer to the period before the outbreak of war when Britain allowed Germany to expand its territory so as to avoid war. Man could reference John Bull, an imaginary figure who is a personification of England, similar to the American ‘Uncle Sam’.

John Bull is an imaginary figure who is a personification of England, similar to the American ‘Uncle Sam’.

Paul Bunyan is the author of the book The Pilgrim's Progress, a Christian allegory where the protagonist, Christian, carries a physical burden on the path from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City. "British Cabinet" could reference Churchill's War Cabinet, which operated from 1940 to 1945.

Sir Winston Churchill was the British Prime Minister from May 10, 1940 to July 26, 1945 and again from October 26, 1951 to April 5, 1955.

Most likely referencing zionist thought, which supports a "national home", and later a state, for the Jewish people in Palestine. The Zionist movement declared the re-establishment of its State of Israel in 1948, following the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.

The Mandate for Palestine was a "Class A" League of Nations mandate for British administration of the territories of Palestine and Transjordan, both of which had been conceded by the Ottoman Empire following World War I. The mandate was assigned to Britain in April 1920 following France's concession of the previously agreed "international administration" over Palestine. Civil administration began in Palestine and Transjordan in July 1920 and April 1921, respectively, and the mandate was formally in force on 29 September 1923. Transjordan became largely autonomous under the British according to an agreement of 20 February 1928, and fully independent under a treaty with Britain of 22 March 1946. The British Mandate over the area terminated on 15 May 1948. On the last day of the Mandate, the creation of the State of Israel was proclaimed, and the 1948 Arab–Israeli War began.

In the 1920's, Mussolini never risked war with Britain and France. After Adolf Hitler came into power, Mussolini proposed the Four Power Pact with Britain, France and Germany in 1933. In July 1936, the French tried to retain Italy as an ally. In January 1937, Britain signed a "Gentleman's Agreement" with Mussolini intended to limit Italian intervention in Spain, and was seen by the British Foreign Office as the first step towards creating an Anglo-Italian alliance. In April 1938, Britain and Italy signed the Easter Accords. Germany offered Italy a military alliance in May 1938. By the late 1930s, Mussolini concluded that Britain and France were finished as powers, and that it was Germany and Italy who were destined to rule Europe. In January 1939, the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain visited Rome to foster an improved Anglo-Italian relationship. In May 1939, the Pact of Steel treaty was signed outlining the "friendship and alliance" between Germany and Italy. Italy's King Victor Emanuel III was wary of the pact, favoring the more traditional Italian allies like France, and fearful of the implications of an offensive military alliance, which in effect meant surrendering control over questions of war and peace to Hitler. Mussolini allied with Germany and declared war on Britain and France on June 10, 1940.

Rome-Berlin Axis, Coalition formed in 1936 between Italy and Germany. In September 1938, France signed the Munich Agreement, which granted many concessions to Germany. Italy supported Germany, and tried to obtain its own concessions from France concerning Italian control in Africa.

In 1939, Italian forces occupied Albania. In October 1940, Mussolini sent Italian forces into Greece, starting the Greco-Italian War. After initial success, the British Air Force prevented the Italian invasion and allowed the Greeks to push the Italians back into Albania, resulting in Italy losing one-quarter of Albania.

The emblem on the chair is the fasces, a representation of magisterial or collective power, law and governance and the root of the term fascism. It is associated with Mussolini's fascist regime. The cartoon probably references Mussolini founding the Republican Fascist Party. The Italian Grand Council gave King Emmanuel full constitutional powers on July 24, 1943 which he then used to remove Mussolini as Prime Minister. Only two months after Mussolini had been dismissed and arrested, he was rescued from his prison by the Gran Sasso raid on September 12, 1943. After the raid liberated Mussolini, the National Fascist Party (PNF) was revived on 13 September 1943 as the Republican Fascist Party (PRF) and as the single party of the Northern and Nazi-protected Italian Social Republic. Mussolini's new regime faced numerous territorial losses.

Victor Emmanuel III (November11, 1869 – December 28, 1947) was the King of Italy from July 29,1900 until his abdication on May 9, 1946. He abdicated his throne in 1946 in favour of his son Umberto II, hoping to strengthen support for the monarchy against an ultimately successful referendum to abolish it. He then went into exile to Alexandria, Egypt, where he died and was buried the following year in Saint Catherines's Cathedral of Alexandria.

Probably referencing the Italian general elections held on April 18, 1948 to elect the First Republican Parliament. They were heavily influenced by the Cold War confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States. The elections were characterized by verbal aggression and fanaticism on both sides.

World War II began with the Nazi German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, followed by the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17. On September 28, 1939, Warsaw fell. As agreed in the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Poland was split into two zones, one occupied by Nazi Germany, the other by the Soviet Union.

Possibly referencing how the Soviet Union, Germany, and Italy all annexed territory in the Balkans during World War II. Italy launched the Balkans Campaign with the invasion of Greece on October 28, 1940.

Southeast Europe was a part of the Eastern Front of World War II. The two principal belligerent powers of the Eastern Front were Germany and the Soviet Union, along with their respective allies.

During the war, detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the German military command, such as Operation Tannenbaum, but Switzerland was never attacked. After Germany invaded Poland the Belgian government mobilized their army. The invasion of Belgium by Nazi Germany started on May 10, 1940. On May 28, the Belgian king and military surrendered unconditionally.

Possibly refers to the time after Germany and the USSR signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (August 23, 1939) and began conquering and exchanging territories.

Could refer to The Night of the Long Knives (June 30-July 2, 1934) where Hitler ordered a series of political extrajudicial executions intended to consolidate his hold on power in Germany. This could also refer to the aftermath of the July 20 Plot (1944), where a group within the Nazi Party attempted to assassinate Hitler. Upon the failure of the assassination, the Gestapo arrested over 7,000 people, and executed 4,980.

In May 1940, more than a year before the United States entered World War II, a group of Pittsburghers offered a $1 million reward to anyone who could capture Nazi leader Adolf Hitler.

During March 1-3, 1940, American undersecretary of state Benjamin Sumner Welles met with Hitler in Berlin.

Yugoslavia signed an accession to the Tripartite Pact on March 25, 1941. Yugoslavia initiated a coup d'état on March 27, to which Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia on April 6, 1940.

Timeline of German occupations- Rheinland: March 7, 1936-1945; Austria: March 12, 1938-May 9, 1945; Czechoslovakia: October 1, 1938-May 11, 1945; Poland: September 1, 1939- May 9, 1945; Denmark: April 9, 1940-May 5, 1945; Norway: April 9, 1940-May 8, 1945; Holland: May 10, 1940-May 20, 1945; Belgium: May 10, 1940-February 1945; Luxembourg: May 10, 1940-February 1945; France: May 10, 1940-May 9, 1945; Italy: September 8, 1943-May 2, 1945.

Germany began planning an invasion of the Soviet Union in July 1940, which Adolf Hitler authorized on December 18, 1940. The invasion, called Operation Barbarossa, started on June 22, 1941.

When Germany invaded Poland, Romania maintained neutrality. As Romanian government leaned towards the Axis Powers and after drastic losses of land to surrounding countries, German troops began crossing into Romania in October 1941. After Romania joined the Axis Powers, Romania provided Germany with equipment and oil during the first portion of the war.

Possibly references the First War Loan Drive (November 30-December 23, 1942) where the government pushed American citizens to purchase Series E, or war, bonds. The initial goal was $9 billion; the drive raised $13 billion.

The United States Air Force National Star Insignias have a circle in the middle, indicating that it was before May 28, 1942, but also has bars on the side indicating it was after June 29, 1943.

On February 6, 1943, Mussolini changed most of the government ministers. These included Galeazzo Ciano, and Dino Grandi, Giuseppe Bottai, Guido Buffarini Guidi and Alessandro Pavolini.

Possibly refers to the Winter War (November 30, 1939–March 13, 1940) or the Continuation War (June 25, 1941– September 19, 1944).

As a part of the Axis Powers, Romania provided Germany with equipment and oil during the first portion of the war. After King Michael I led a coup to depose the Romanian government, he declared war on Germany on August 23, 1944.

The Battle of Moscow (October 1941-January 1942) was a military campaign on the Eastern Front during World War II. The Soviet defensive effort frustrated Hitler's attack on Moscow, the capital and largest city of the Soviet Union. When Nazi Germany occupied Ukraine, the people initially collaborated with the new government. However, they soon recanted and many joined the Red Army upon their return to Ukraine. The siege of Leningrad (September 8, 1941-January 27, 1944) was a prolonged military blockade undertaken from the south by the Army Group North of Nazi Germany against the Soviet city of Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) on the Eastern Front in World War II. The Battle of Britain (July 10-October 31, 1940) was a military campaign of the Second World War, in which the Royal Air Force defended the United Kingdom against large-scale attacks by Nazi Germany's air force, the Luftwaffe. The Battle overlaps the period of large-scale night attacks known as The Blitz (September 7, 1940-May 11, 1941). A hot box is the term used when an axle bearing overheats on a rail vehicle. When a hot box occured, the rail vehicle could catch fire and destroy itself.

Germany, Italy and Japan signed the Tripartite Pact in Berlin on 27 September 1940. These three military powers became known as the Axis Powers.

Syria was under French Mandate since 1920. With the fall of France in 1940, Syria came under the control of Vichy France until July 1941. Tunisia came under French rule in 1881 and then continued under Vichy France until 1942 when both Vichy France and Tunisia came under German rule.

Probably refers to the German invasion of Russia, who joined the Allied Forces in June 1941. The bear symbolizes Russia, the lion symbolizes Britain, and the eagle symbolizes America.

Nazi Germany demanded that Bulgaria join the Tripartite Pact and permit German forces to pass through Bulgaria. Bulgaria reluctantly joined the Axis bloc on March 1, 1941 by signing the Tripartite Pact. The German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship was signed on June 18, 1941.

The medal in Panel 2 resembles the 2nd Class Air Defence Medal. Hitler awarded Lindbergh the Service Cross of the Order of the German Eagle in recognition of his services to aviation in 1938. On March 29, 1941, Collier's Magazine published Lindbergh's article, "Letter to Americans," where he called for new American leadership, stating "if you, and I, and others like us, take the reins in hand once more..." America can become a "strong and victorious nation" and "preserve our ideals."

In February 1943, Germany considered using poison gas on the battlefield, Churchill responded, "In the event of the Germans using gas on the Russians…We shall retaliate by drenching the German cities with gas on the largest possible scale."

On September 8, 1943, Italy signed an Armistice with the Allies, ending Italy's war with the Allies and ending Italy's participation with the Axis powers.

In 1943, Germany entered Italy and disarmed their military forces after an Armistace with the Allies. After the Allies launched the spring offensive of 1945, German forces surrendered in Italy on May 2nd.

Could refer to the Soviet Red Army's conflict with Germany to take Poland. This led to the Soviet capture of Warsaw on January 17, 1945.

As the Allies became more successful near the end of the war, many blamed Göring for Germany's military failures.

The "Siegfried Line", was a German defensive line. From September 1944 to March 1945 the Allies launched an offensive on the Siegfried Line.

Possibly a reference to Operation Bodenplatte on January 1, 1945. German airforce attempted to cripple Allies air forces in Belgium, the Netherlands, and France but ultimately failed.

Could refer to the nuclear weapons developed by the American Manhattan Project.

Probably refers to the Nuremberg Trials. The International Military Tribunal was opened on November 19, 1945 in the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg.

Probably refering to an assassination attempt on Hitler's life in 1939. A time bomb concealed inside a pillar in the Bürgerbräukeller was set to go off during Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch address on November 8th. The bomb exploded, killing eight people and injuring 57, but Hitler had cut short his speech and had already left.

The man could refer to Pierre Laval, a prominent leader of the Vichy Regime in France.

The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact is officially known as the Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union and was signed in Moscow on August 23, 1939.

The Imperial Japanese Army created a blockade in the Tientsin port of China in June 1939. British authorities refused to surrender four Chinese who had assassinated a Japanese collaborator and taken refuge within the British owned area.

Second panel possibly refers to the "Asama Maru Incident," which occured on January 21, 1940.

The Republic of China received credits for $250 million for the purchase of Soviet weapons, which included arms, artillery, and the exchange of military officers. The deliveries halted in August 1941 due to German attack on the Soviet Union.

Quotes are taken from an speech my Chiang Kai-Shek titled, "What I Mean By Action, or a Philosophy of Action." (1940)

From December 8, 1941- May 8, 1942, Japan launched the Philippines Campaign which resulted in Japanese occupation of The Philippines.

Probably references Japanese occupation of the Shanghai International Settlement.

The Guadalcanal Campaign was fought between August 7, 1942 and February 9, 1943 on and around the island of Guadalcanal. It was the first major offensive by Allied forces against the Empire of Japan, which then resulted in an Allied victory.

Possibly references the 1944 Tōnankai earthquake.

Possibly references the 1948 Korean Ethnic School Riots in Kobe, Japan.

The sun is a reference to the insignia of Imperial Japan.

Kensuke Horinouchi was the Japanese Ambassador to the United States from 1938–1940.

"The White Man's Burden: The United States and the Philippine Islands" (1899) is a poem by Rudyard Kipling about the Philippine–American War, proclaiming that the U.S. should assume colonial control of the Filipino people and their country. The title quickly became a summary for the major justifications of imperialism.

Fleet Admiral William Frederick Halsey Jr. was an American admiral in the United States Navy during World War II. He led American naval forces in the Pacific Theater. He earned the rank of Admiral on November 18, 1942 and Fleet Admiral on December 11, 1945.

The Great Purge (1936-1938), also known as the “Great Terror,” was a brutal political campaign led by Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin to eliminate dissenting or threatening members of the Communist Party. Thousands were executed and more than a million were sent to forced labor camps.

Following the Soviet Unions's invasion of Finland in 1939, they were expelled from the League of Nations.

Could reference the Soviet Union's participation in the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact, which ensured the Soviet Union's presence in Europe and East Asia.

The Soviet Union occupied the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) under the auspices of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in June 1940. The Soviet Union annexed the Baltic states as constituent republics in August 1940. Although Germany invaded and occupied the Baltic states in 1941, the Soviet Union recaptured most of the Baltic states in 1944.

Manchukuo, also known as Manchuria after 1934, was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia from 1932 until 1945. Manchukuo's government was dissolved in 1945 after the surrender of Imperial Japan at the end of World War II. The Soviet Union invaded Manchuria in August 1945, and then formally transferred the lands to China in the following year.

After the end of World War II, the U.S. Air Force had to drastically scale back operations. By July 1946, the Air Force anticipated a rebuilt air force of 70 groups, the authorized peacetime strength, however many opposed a large peacetime military and its cost so they scaled back to 48 groups.

On October 5, 1947 President Truman requested America to begin voluntary rationing of meat on Tuesdays and poultry/eggs on Thursdays. By November 7, 1947 poultry rationing was abandoned.

America rationed rubber in January 1942, sugar in May 1942, coffee in November 1942, and meat in March 1943.

The German American Bund was a German-American pro-Nazi organization established in 1936.

The term "little brown brother" was coined by William Howard Taft to refer to the Filipino people, the first American Governor-General of the Philippines (1901-1904) and later the 27th President of the United States.

Could refer to President Roosevelt's proposal for revised air requirements in August 1942.

During World War II factory production, unions stalled productivity frequently through strikes.

A fifth column is any group of people who undermine a larger group from within, usually in favor of an enemy group or nation. Metaphorically, a "Trojan Horse" means any strategy that causes a target to invite a foe into a securely protected bastion or place.

Panel seems to reference President Roosevelt's 1937 speech "Quarantine of the Aggressor".

Eisenhower's farewell address was the final public speech of Dwight D. Eisenhower as the 34th President of the United States, delivered in a television broadcast on January 17, 1961. This speech is notable for its warning against the influence of America's "military-industrial complex."

In 1939, the Army and Navy annual supply bills called for $980,326,812, an increase of more than $50,000,000 over the national defense budget for 1938. On January 28, President Roosevelt urged Congress to authorize a largescale, long-range expansion of the Navy and a further modernization of the Army at a total estimated cost of $1,300,000,000 over and above the regular annual defense budget.

The United States Merchant Marine refers to either United States civilian mariners, or to U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. The Merchant Marine primarily transports cargo and passengers during peacetime; in times of war, the Merchant Marine can be an auxiliary to the United States Navy, and can be called upon to deliver military personnel and materiel for the military.

The United States Merchant Marine refers to U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. The Merchant Marine primarily transports cargo and passengers during peacetime; in times of war, the Merchant Marine can be an auxiliary to the United States Navy, and can be called upon to deliver military personnel and equipment.

A naval undress blue service uniform is a general duty working uniform. The "undress" designation indicated that the uniform was not meant for dress wear.

May reference the Emergency Shipbuilding Program. Run by the U.S. Maritime Commission, the program built almost 6,000 ships.

The United States Merchant Marine refers to U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. The Merchant Marine primarily transports cargo and passengers during peacetime; in times of war, the Merchant Marine can be an auxiliary to the United States Navy, and can be called upon to deliver military personnel and equipment.

The American Lend-Lease policy, formally titled An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States, was enacted March 11, 1941. This program would supply the United Kingdom and other Allied nations with food, oil, and military supplies between 1941 and August 1945.

Could refer to the American Lend-Lease policy, formally titled An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States, which was enacted March 11, 1941. This program would supply the United Kingdom and other Allied nations with food, oil, and military supplies between 1941 and August 1945.

Could refer to the American Lend-Lease policy, formally titled An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States, which was enacted March 11, 1941. This program would supply the United Kingdom and other Allied nations with food, oil, and military supplies between 1941 and August 1945.

The Marshall Plan is an American initiative passed in 1948 to give aid to Western Europe.

Title may reference the Marshall Plan, an American initiative passed in 1948 to give aid to Western Europe.

Could reference repayments from foreign nations who took war-time loans from the United States, such as Britain and the Soviet Union.

In the 1940 presidential election, Arthur Vandenberg and Robert Taft ran as Republican candidates, while John Nance Garner and Millard Tydings ran as Democrat candidates with Paul V. McNutt running for Democratic Vice President.

In 1948, Republican presidential candidate Harold Stassen won the Wisconsin and Nebraska primaries, making him the frontrunner over other Republican candidates such as Thomas Dewey, Robert Taft, Arthur Vandenberg, Earl Warren, Douglas McArthur, and Joseph William Martin Jr. The 1948 Republican Convention was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Harry S. Truman ran as the Democratic candidate for presidency in 1948. Henry A. Wallace ran as the Progressive Party candidate in the same election.

In 1948, former Vice President Henry A. Wallace ran for president under the United States Progressive Party.

Probably references Eisenhower abstaining from running in the 1948 presidential election.

Quote from Roosevelt is from a speech made in September 1936. John Hamilton was a Republican politician from Kansas, who was appointed chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1936. Alf Landon was the 26th Governor of Kansas and the Republican presidential nominee in 1936.

John Hamilton may reference the Republican politician from Kansas who served as Republican National Committee chairman from 1936-1940.

The Glenn Frank Report was a platform that was intended to reinvigorate the Republican Party and align it with many principles that influenced New Deal legislation.

The 1940 Democratic National Convention was held at the Chicago Stadium in Chicago, Illinois from July 15 to July 18, 1940. The 1940 Republican National Convention was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from June 24 to June 28, 1940.

Panel 1 probably references the 1932 election of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Panel 2 probably references the Progressive Party and the States' Rights Democratic Party participating in the national election.

During the 1930's, there were four Neutrality Acts passed by Congress.

During the 1930's, there were four Neutrality Acts passed by Congress.

The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (also known as the Wagner Act) guaranteed the right of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining, and take collective action such as strikes.

Bills possibly reference the Sugar Act of 1937, the Housing Act of 1937, the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which were voted on by the 75th United States Congress.

Possbily referencing the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937.

Could reference Special Session of Congress that President Roosevelt called in November 1937.

Possibly referencing President Roosevelt's special session of congress convened on November 15, 1937 to discuss the Wages and Hours Act.

The Reorganization Act of 1939 gave the President of the United States the authority to hire additional confidential staff and reorganize the executive branch (within certain limits) for two years subject to legislative veto. President Roosevelt worked from 1937-1939 to get the bill passed.

The Hatch Act of 1939 is a United States federal law whose main provision prohibits employees in the executive branch of the federal government, except the president, vice president, and certain designated high-level officials, from engaging in some forms of political activity.

Possibly references President Roosevelt's attempt to repeal sections of the Neutrality Act of 1939 in October of 1941.

In 1947, President Truman called a special session beginning on November 17 to consider the need for emergency foreign aid and other pressing issues.

In 1947, President Truman called a special session beginning on November 17 to consider the need for emergency foreign aid.

In April 1947, the Foreign Relations Committee to discuss the pending resolution to provide aid to foreign countries devistated by war.

Could reference extensions made to the Housing and Rent Act of 1947.

On November 1, 1937, the Federal Reserve changed the initial market requirements to 40%.

In 1934, Congress established the Securities and Exchange Commission to eliminate stock market manipulation.

Between 1931 and 1934, the real price of gas increased by 26%.

Probably references the Banking Act of 1933.

Possibly reference the 1934 West Coast Waterfront Strike.

The National Labor Relations Board is an independent agency of the federal government of the United States with responsibilities for enforcing U.S. labor law in relation to collective bargaining and unfair labor practices.

Probably references the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. The bill was designed to “put a ceiling over hours and a floor under wages." The bill passed the Senate July 31, 1937, but was stopped in the House Rules Committee before adjournment.

The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (also known as the Wagner Act) guaranteed the right of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining, and take collective action such as strikes. Joseph Warren Madden served as the first Chairman of the National Labor Relations Board from 1935-1940. Edwin S. Smith was one of the founding members of the National Labor Relations Board and served from 1934-1941. William Morris Leiserson was Chief of the Labor Administration Division of the United States Department of Labor, Secretary of the National Labor Board of the National Recovery Administration and member of the National Labor Relations Board from 1939-1941.

Many thought the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) should avoid strikes during the war production buildup of 1940 and 1941. However, 3,500 strikes took place in 1941, cutting production by 25%.

In 1955, the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations merged to form a single unionized group.

Probably references the first farm bill, known as the Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA), which was passed by Congress in 1933 as a part of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal.

Under the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, many Iowa farmers received relief payments to withdrawn some of their productive acreage.

May reference the Los Angeles flood of 1938.

Probably referencing the parity payments made to farmers under the Act of May 26, 1941 which amended the Agriculture Ajustment Act of 1938.

Probably references James Pinckney Pope, a Democratic politician from Idaho. He was a one-term United States Senator, serving from 1933 to 1939.

From June 25-27, 1937 President Roosevelt invited congressional members to the Jefferson Islands Club with the intent to garner support for his court reform bill.

Could reference a letter President Roosevelt wrote to Adolf Hitler on September 27, 1938 regarding a peaceful solution between Germany and Czechoslovakia.

The bills most likely reference the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, a failed measure in 1938 revenue laws, and the Reorganization Act of 1939.

Probably references President Roosevelt's Annual Message to Congress from 1941.

Could reference President Roosevelt's trip on the Tuscaloosa to Campobello Island, New Brunswick in the summer of 1939.

Both Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman went deep sea fishing during their presidencies.

Could reference the Reciprocal Tariff Act of 1934 which authorized the president to negotiate and adjust tarriff rates with other countries without congressional approval.

Quote is an excerpt from President Roosevelt's speech as Queen's University on August 18, 1938, where he was recieving an honorary degree.

Quote an excerpt from President Franklin D. Roosevelt Good Neighbor Policy address delivered at Chautauqua, New York on August 14, 1936.

Quote is an exerpt from President Roosevelt's Address at the Jackson Day Dinner in Washington D.C. on January 8, 1938.

Quotes are exerpts from President Roosevelt's Pan-American Day Address on April 15, 1940.

Quote is an excerpt from President Roosevelt's Third Inaugural Address in January 20, 1941.

The quote from panel 1 is from an excerpt from Hitler's Speech to the Reichstag on May 4, 1941. The quote from panel 2 is an excerpt from President Roosevelt's Speech at Woodrow Wilson's birthplace on May 4, 1941.

The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1936.

The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1936. It responded to needs for relief, reform, and recovery from the Great Depression.

The original Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935. The panel includes quotes from President Roosevelt's Radio Address on the Third Anniversary of the Social Security Act on August 15, 1938.

In his 1940 presidential campaign, Wendell Willkie supported continuing and expanding the New Deal during his potential presidency.

In his 1940 presidential campaign, Wendell Willkie supported continuing and expanding the New Deal during his potential presidency.

The titular Wallace may reference Henry A. Wallace, President Roosevelt's Vice President.

President Roosevelt delivered a speech to the Retailers' National Forum of the American Retail Federation in Washington D.C. on May 22, 1939.

Title and words come from a speech made by California Senator Hiram M. Johnson on October 18, 1940 where he said, ""There they are. Four words describe them—'must', 'pack', 'purge', and 'perpetuate'. They are four signs that the danger of individual power never passes. They are the four horsemen of autocracy."

"Third Termers" refers to supporters of Franklin D. Roosevelt running for a third term as the United States President in 1940.

References Franklin D. Roosevelt's campaign for a third presidential term in office.

In the late 1930's, journalists nicknamed President Roosevelt "The Sphinx" since he refused to say whether he'd run for a third term in 1940.

President Harry S. Truman submitted an eight-point domestic reform program to Congress in his State of the Union address in 1949.

Could reference the 1946 railroad workers strike, or the 1950-1952 railroad workers strike.

Quote is attributed to George Washington at the Constitutional Convention of 1787.

Quote is a paraphrase from President Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.

William Brockman Bankhead (April 12, 1874 – September 15, 1940) was an American politician who served as the 42nd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1936 to 1940. The quote is an excerpt from a prayer given by Reverend James Shera Montgomery before the House of Representatives on July 22, 1940.

The American Legion is an organization of U.S. war veterans established in 1919.

"America for Americans" is the title of a 1916 speech by President Theodore Roosevelt.

The Armistice of 1918 ended the fighting between the Allies and their opponent, Germany during World War I. The second panel may reference the American invasion at Guadalcanal in 1942.

Image references the 3-cent "Win the War" stamp issued on July 4, 1942.

Quote is an excerpt from the Declaration of Independence.

The palm-out salute the gesture which was to accompany the Pledge of Allegiance before 1942. Due to the similarity to the Nazi and Italian Fascist salute, Congress amended the Flag Code in 1942 and replaced the palm-out salute with the hand-over-heart salute.

Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870) was an American and Confederate soldier, best known as a commander of the Confederate States Army.

Quote is attributed to George Washington at the Constitutional Convention of 1787.

On July 26, 1939, the United States gave formal notice for termination of the 1911 Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with Japan. The treaty terminated on January 25, 1940.

Series E Bonds were initially issued to finance the United States’ involvement in World War II. Series E Bonds were first issued in May 1941 as defense bonds. Series E became “war bonds” after the United States declared war on Japan in December of that year.

During the Series E War Bond sales campaign, there were eight drives. The Fourth War Loan Drive lasted 32 days, from January 18 through February 15, 1944.

During the Series E War Bond sales campaign, there were eight drives. The Sixth War Loan Drive lasted 45 days, from November 2 through December 16, 1944.

Community Chest was founded in 1913 to aid with local community charity projects. In 1963, the organization was renamed United Way.

In 1938, President Roosevelt founded the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis.

Samuel Insull, an American business magnate, fled the country in 1934 to avoid criminal charges in the aftermath of his holding company's collapse.

References the 1935 kidnapping of 9 year old George Weyerhaeser by Harmon Metz Waley and William Dainard.

President Roosevelt sparked controversy from 1939-1941 by changing the date of Thanksgiving from the last Thursday of November to the next-to-last Thursday of November.

Possibly references the flooding of Vanport, Oregon in 1948.

Cardenas could refer to Lázaro Cárdenas del Río, the 44th President of Mexico (1934-1940) who nationalized the the Mexican oil industry. A concession refers to the geographic area in which the government allows an oil company to operate.

The Mexican oil expropriation was the nationalization of all petroleum reserves, facilities, and foreign oil companies in Mexico on March 18, 1938. In response, Secretary of State Cordell Hull sent a message to Mexico promising to suspend silver purchases from Mexico on March 26.

The Mexican oil expropriation was the nationalization of all petroleum services in Mexico on March 18, 1938. Simultaneously, President Roosevelt issued the Good Neighbor Policy, aiming to recalibrate U.S.-Latin American relations.

The Monroe Doctrine was a United States policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas beginning in 1823. The panel could reference the Lodge Corollary of the Monroe Doctrine, ratified in 1912, which forbid any foreign power from acquiring sufficient territory in the Western Hemisphere. The proposal was a reaction to negotiations between a Japan and Mexico for the purchase of a considerable portion of Baja California including Magdalena Bay.

Between 1939 and 1940, the United States Government theorized that Germany would invade South America with their airforce leaving from Dakar, Senegal and arriving at Natal, Brazil.

The Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace, held in 1936 at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, at Buenos Aires, adopted a draft treaty for the peaceful resolution of conflicts between American states; other conferences were held in 1938 at Lima, in 1945 at Chapultepec in Mexico City, and in 1947 at Quitandinha, near Petrópolis, Brazil.

In May 1939, the Duke was commissioned by NBC to give a radio broadcast during a visit to the battlefields of Verdun. In it he appealed for peace. The broadcast was heard across the world by millions. It was widely seen as supporting appeasement, and the BBC refused to broadcast it. It was broadcast outside the United States on shortwave radio and was reported in full by British broadsheet newspapers. King George VI and Queen Elizabeth were most likely sailing to America where they toured New York and Canada from May 17 through June 15, 1939.

Might reference the 1939 Royal Tour of Canada by King George VI and Queen Elizabeth.

References the 1939 Royal Tour of Canada by King George VI, Queen Elizabeth, and the Dionne Quintuplets.

From June 7-12, 1939 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth visited New York as guests of Franklin D. Roosevelt. This was the first time a British monarch visted America. The King and Queen visited Roosevelt's home at Hyde Park, New York for a meal of hot dogs and beer. King George VI's visit to the United States helped develop a stronger political and social alliance between the U.S. and Great Britain.

The title on this item is crossed out.

Could reference both the "Straw Hat Day" that marked the day in June when men could wear straw hats in public, or the day in September when straw hats were supposed to be put away in favor of felt or other materialed hats.

Could reference both the "Straw Hat Day" that marked the day in June when men could wear straw hats in public, or the day in September when straw hats were supposed to be put away in favor of felt or other materialed hats.

A blackout is the practice of collectively minimizing outdoor light, including upwardly directed (or reflected) light to prevent enemy aircraft from being able to identify their targets by sight.

Beginning in the 1920's, the Portland Police Bureau created the "Sunshine Division" to collect and distribute food to needy families around the holiday season.