Clarence Daniel Martin was born in Cheney, Washington, on June 29, 1886. His parents, Francies M. and Philena Martin, emigrated to eastern Washington from Ohio by way of Portland in the early 1880s. Martin was educated in the Cheney public schools and graduated from the State Normal School at Cheney in 1903 as well as the University of Washington in 1906.
After leaving the university he joined his wheat-farming father in founding the family business, the F. M. Martin Grain and Milling Company in Cheney. Upon his father’s death in 1925, Martin assumed the role of president and general manager of the company, a position which he retained until early 1943, when the mill was sold to the National Biscuit Company.
Martin first became interested in politics in his hometown where he was elected to the City Council in 1915. He served as mayor of Cheney from 1928 until he was elected governor. During this period he was also chairman of the State Democratic Committee.
Martin was elected Governor of the State of Washington in November, 1932, in the Democratic landslide which virtually removed Republicans from state political offices. He was the first native son to be elected to the state’s highest office, an honor of which he was extremely proud. Given the dire economic circumstances and the crisis atmosphere of the early 1930s, Martin’s first gubernatorial campaign was remarkable in its moderation. There was no demagoguery, no personalities, no threats, no condemnations and no bitter attacks. His platform was based on unemployment relief and tax reform; he vowed "to return the state government to the service and benefit of the people." By the end of the campaign he had made 750 speeches and traveled 40,000 miles, but as he said, he "gave away no cigars, kissed no babies and promised no jobs." (Steward, Edgar I. Washington, Northwest Frontier, Vol. II, New York: Lewis Historical Publications, Co., 1957, pp. 296-97). Both in the primary and general elections Martin’s opponents charged him with trying to buy the gubernatorial office. Martin rebutted these accusations by pointing out that he was using his own money for the campaign and therefore would have obligations to no one. His electoral majority, which was larger that Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Washington vote, insured that he would not be accused of winning the office on the presidential coattails.
Governor Martin’s first term was wrought with controversy stemming from both his political appointments and his relief programs. Martin alienated hard-core Democrats of the state with the appointment of a number of Republicans to high state offices, many of whom were holdovers from the previous administration of Governor Roland Hartley. In justifying his appointment policy, Martin remarked: "I did not get all of my majority from Democrats and I think both parties should be represented.") Spokesman Review, April 19, 1933 p. 3) Martin recognized the need to set aside partisan politics to effectively combat the depression.
When Martin took office in January, 1933, the Great Depression was at its height. In his first inaugural message, Governor Martin acknowledged the severity of the economic crisis. But he went on to foreshadow Roosevelt’s message of "nothing to fear but fear itself." Martin recounted the natural and human resources of the state and concluded that "surely, with such resources at hand, we need only the spirit to seek, to determination to build, the genius to create, and the readiness to cooperate toward a common development." He believed it was the primary duty of government to promote to common good; state government must promote constructive, although perhaps unpopular programs, and the people must accept the necessary sacrifices. Martin advocated abandonment of traditional approaches to problem-solving when those approaches proved inadequate. His call for state government action anticipated a similar call on the national level by President Roosevelt.
Those first few months in office were a time of intense activity. Martin proposed increased economy of government through the elimination of waste and the reduction of state employees’ salaries; Martin later proposed and the Legislature endorsed a salary reduction of from 10 to 25 percent of all state employees. Martin planned to shift the relief burden from the nearly bankrupt county and local agencies to the state government. He recommended a $10,000,000 bond issue which was to be used to fund employment on minor public works projects. The Legislature approved this bond issue and relief measures were soon forthcoming. He then proposed a complete restructuring of the tax system. In the November 1932 election, the people of the state had affirmed a 40-mill limit on property taxes. This ceiling on the property tax made new sources on tax revenue necessary. Martin proposed a sales tax as a short term, stop-gap measure; he believed that this sales tax would ultimately be replaced by a form of business and occupation tax. The business and occupation tax was enacted during the twenty-third legislative session, but was declared unconstitutional by the State Supreme Court in September, 1933, after a long and bitter struggle. Washington was one forward a contributory system of old-age insurance. Washington was one of the firsts of the northwestern states to enter the field of old-age insurance when the Legislature passed the social security measure in February, 1933. Although the 1933 Legislature failed to provide adequate funding for the pension program, it did establish a needed precedent. In 1935, the Legislature provided additional funds for the program.
Governor Martin advocated a number of urgent projects in his first inaugural address. He proposed restructuring of the state banking laws to prevent future closures. Education was a particularly important part of the Governor’s program. He proposed that the state assume 50 percent of the funding burden of the public school system to insure the continued quality and equality of education. He recommended an "open door" policy at the university level for all Washington high school graduates to promote equality of opportunity for higher education. With respect to mortgage debts, Martin believed that some modification f the foreclosure procedure should be enacted to provide a "breathing spell" for those farmers and homeowners threatened with the loss of their property. (Martin, Clarence D. First Inaugural Message, 1933. Olympia, Washington: Jay Tomas Printer, 1933)
Martin’s first months in office paralleled the feverish activity of the new federal administration. He initiated many programs to fight the depression in the state. An active and constructive fight against the depression characterized his administration, a sharp contrast to the passive acknowledgement shown by the Hartley regime. Martin sought to create jobs rather than provide handouts for the citizens of the state. The Grand Coulee Dam project, initiated early in 1933, was one of the major job-creating projects. In March of 1933, the state legislature, at the prodding of the governor, created the Columbia Basin Commission; in June 1933, $377,000 of the ten million dollar bond issue was appropriated for the dam to show the federal government that the state was serious about the project. Roosevelt set aside 63 million dollars for construction of the low dam at Grand Coulee. Governor Martin was on hand for the ground-breaking ceremonies in September, 1933, and he poured the first bucket of cement in December, 1935. Roosevelt approved construction of the high dam with hydroelectric generating capacity in June, 1935, and by the end of Martin’s second term Grand Coulee Dam was producing electricity. In the long run Grand Coulee Dam provided electricity for industry and home, as well as irrigation water for the Columbia Basin. Its short-term benefits were equally important for the state. The project provided immediate employment for thousands left jobless in the wake of the Great Depression. Other significant construction projects during Martin’s administration eased the burden of unemployment in the state. Both the Lake Washington Floating Bridge and the ill-fated Tacoma Narrows Bridge were completed in 1940 and provided necessary public service as well as jobs for many unemployed. The ambitious project to harness the Columbia River with the Boneville Dam also provided both electricity and jobs.
The accomplishments of Martin’s administration were not limited to physical construction projects. His keen interest in education insured the continued funding and development of the public school system in the state at a time when local agencies were unable to provide adequate monies and the system’s continuation was in grave danger. Martin also maintained his commitment to higher education. Despite financial hard times for the state, martin supported an extensive building program at Washington State College, a program facilitated by Martin’s respect for and friendship with President E. O. Holland. Martin’s administration also reorganized the state’s highway system providing miles of new and improved roads as well as many new jobs. He also directed the reorganization of the State Highway Patrol. With the end of prohibition the state of Washington secured much needed revenue by organizing and operating the retail liquor business. The liquor control system established by the Martin administration is still with us today. His dealings with the federal government, although strained at times, secured for the state a substantial portion of the New Deal aid necessary for economic reconstruction.
Martin’s public commitment to the welfare of the state’s citizens is documented by the deeds of his administration, but his private actions also reveal a man of generosity and compassion. Martin personally aided a number of worthy young men with their college educations, as well as providing scholarship funds for his alma mater, the newly named Eastern Washington College of Education at Cheney. He continued his interest in debate and public speaking, activities at which he excelled in college, by sponsoring an annual oratorical contest in Cheney. He took a personal interest in the case of a child of twelve who killed an Asotin sheriff during a rubbery. With Martin’s aid, the youngster was rehabilitated and went on to lead a productive life. Martin also used his financial resources to benefit the citizens of his home town. Earlier, while Mayor of Cheney, Martin donated the city’s street lighting system in the memory of his father.
Governor Martin was reelected in 1936, soundly defeating former Governor Hartley. His majority in 1936, which was greater than that of his first election and again larger than President Roosevelt’s state-wide vote, reflected the popular confidence in his administration. His second term continued the sound fiscal practices and businesslike government he had initiated in 1933. He sought an unprecedented third tern in 1940, but was defeated in the primary by former Senator C. C. Dill, who, although supported by Martin in the general election, was defeated in an exceedingly close contest by the republican candidate.
Martin’s political career and aspirations did not end with his tenure as governor. In February, 1944, Governor Martin was appointed to fill a vacancy in the state House of Representatives from the Fifth District and served a special session. In 1948 he again sought election to the state’s highest office but was defeated in the primary. He was reelected to the Cheney City Council in 1950.
Martin served for a number of years as a director of the American Bank of Spokane. The bank’s failure in 1932, at a time when he was not a director, embroiled him in an extensive legal battle which attempted to lay the blame on all the directors. Martin was completely exonerated, but three of the bank’s officers went to jail. Governor Martin also served as director of the Seattle First National Bank for 13 years, a post which he relinquished in April, 1955, owing to ill health.
Martin married Margaret Mulligan on July 18, 1907. They had three sons: William F., Clarence D., Jr. and Frank M. He and his wife were divorced in August, 1943. Martin remarried in April, 1944, and with his new bride, the former Merle L. Lewis of Spokane, left Cheney and settled in Southern California. They were divorced in March, 1946. Martin married his third wife, Lou Eckhart, in December, 1951, and they lived in Cheney until his death on August 11, 1955.
Philosophically and politically Martin was a conservative Democrat who, while governor, place the welfare of the people of the state above party politics. His tenure as governor reflected the sound business and financial practices which guided his entire life. He tempered fiscal conservatism with humanitarian concern for those suffering under the eight of the depression. When Martin left office there was still unemployment an economic distress, but the state had weathered the worst years of the depression. One historian records that when Martin left office "the state was solvent, the radical left-wing groups had been kept in check, and there had been no compromise with Socialistic panaceas." (Stewart, Washington, Vol. II, p. 314) Upon his death the Spokesman Review editorialized that "He served the state well throughout eight critical years of its history." (Spokesman Review, August 13, 1955, p. 4) In the opinion of many, he was the best governor the state had ever had. (Miles, Charles and O. b. Sperlin. Building a State, Tacoma: Washington State Historical Society, 1940, p. 141; Stewart, Washington, Vol. II, p. 314).
The papers of Clarence D. Martin include material from both his personal and political life during the period 1896 to 1954. The vast majority of the material centers on the period of his governorship, 1933-1941. Over half of the collection is in two correspondence files. The general correspondence file centers primarily on Martin’s personal and business affairs. These letters, often with enclosures, include extensive correspondence with his family his business manager and his legal advisors. Because Martin was such an active figure in many different areas, his correspondence naturally reflects that diversity, often in the same letter. A second correspondence file, labeled "Office Correspondence File," appears to have been maintained as a file in the governor’s office. This file contains much miscellaneous material, such as invitations, programs, newspaper clippings, telegrams, graduation announcements, commencement programs, business cards, campaign literature, photographs and correspondence. The bulk of the newspaper clippings, principally on general news events, have been removed. Although at first glance this sub-series might appear to be of secondary importance, it also includes correspondence with national political and governmental figures such as Franklin D. Roosevelt, James Farley, Harold Ickes and others.
The political papers also include material from election campaigns, 1932-1948. The gubernatorial papers, a sub-series of the political papers, includes some financial records (preliminary budgets, revenue estimates, state payroll records, expenses) and random material from some state agencies (memoranda and reports). The legislative files include correspondence, House and Senate bills, votes and popular comment on controversial legislation. The speech file contains notes and drafts of speeches from martin’s terms as governor as well as printed addresses to the Legislature. The political papers also include the Governor’s daily appointment calendar from March, 1933-December, 1940. The bulk of the official governmental records are in the Washington State Archives, Olympia.
Martin’s personal papers include some material from his college days – class notes, examinations, assignments and debate material. His general financial records include personal property assessments for various years in the 1920s and 1930s, lists of stocks and bonds, and some business correspondence. There is virtually a complete run of cancelled checks from June, 1929 to December, 1941 detailing his personal finances. Within the personal papers there is a sub-series of photographs including official was well as candid portraits of Martin, his family, friends and political associates. Martin’s keen interest in railroad locomotives led him to acquire an extensive collection of train pictures. The scrapbooks are primarily collections of newspaper clippings from the early 1930s to the early 1950s.
The Martin collection offers the researcher a wealth of material on political, governmental and personal subjects connected with the state and the Governor during the period of the New Deal. The nature and the extent of the correspondence reveals Martin as a complex and interesting individual – he was the chief executive, a dedicated public servant and a loyal friend. An obvious strength of the collection is the depth to which personal relationships are revealed through the correspondence and other material. The administrative and legislative files, although incomplete, offer the researcher information on state government, Martin’s business-like administration, financial and revenue problems, federal relations and legislative procedures. Of course, these materials must be supplemented by the official records in the Washington State Archives.
The Martin’s later political career is well documented with material from the gubernatorial election campaigns in which he participated. Martin’s political career prior to 1932, however, is not as well reported. The collection contains no material from his service on the Cheney city council and only scattered references in the subject correspondence file to his term as mayor of Cheney. The bulk of the collection, both political and private, concerns the period of his governorship. The material on his early life is complete.
While Martin served the state in Olympia, he retained his business interests in Cheney. The collection provides an excellent picture of his financial and business affairs through his correspondence with his local agent and legal advisors. This correspondence also provides a look at the economics of a small town in Eastern Washington during the Depression years.
The Martin papers are arranged in four major series: correspondence, political papers, personal papers and oversized material. The correspondence series has been divided into three sub-series: general and family correspondence in chronological order, and a subject file arranged alphabetically. Substantial blocks of the correspondence series were scattered throughout the original acquisition, requiring reassembly to construct the chronological correspondence series. In certain instances correspondence had been grouped according to a particular theme; these groupings have been assembled to create the subject file.
The political papers series consists of election campaign materials and gubernatorial records. In the gubernatorial sub-series official material received form state agencies was not organized systematically. Therefore, this file has been constructed by grouping material found throughout the collection. Within the political papers series is a sub-series entitled "Governor’s Office Correspondence." This file was left intact except for the removal of superfluous newspaper clippings. Material within the respective sub-series of the political papers in arranged chronologically. Among the personal papers in material from Martin’s college days, as well as financial records and cancelled checks relating to the period of his governship. A substantial collection of photographs is included in the personal section. These photographs are arranged in subject groups. Additional large material, such as campaign posters and photographs, have been placed in an oversized file.
This collection is open and available for research use.
Copyright restrictions may apply.
[Item description]
Clarence Daniel Martin Papers, 1896-1954 (Cage 336)
Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University Libraries, Pullman, WA.
The papers were donated to the Washington State University Library in September, 1976 by his son, Frank M. Martin, of Spokane and by Mrs. Charlotte Y. Martin, widow of another son, Clarence D. Martin, Jr.
This collection was processed between October, 1976 and August, 1977 by Stephen E. Balzarini, with the assistance of Lawrence R. Stark.
Martin Family Papers, 1926-1986
Clarence Daniel Martin, Jr. Papers, 1916-1976
F. M. Martin Grain and Milling Company Records, 1894-1959
The index to the papers of Clarence D. Martin consists of one alphabetical listing of selected correspondents in the Correspondence Series (Series I) and the Governor's Office Correspondence File (Sub-series D of Series III). The index entries include both individuals and organizations as taken from the letterhead and the signature of the correspondent. Form letters, letters requiring no response and other non-essential correspondence have not been included in the index.
Locations are indicated by the folder number following the entry: For example: Ickes, Harold 23, 185, 211. Reference to the container list provides the approximate date of the correspondence prior to actual examination of the materials.
This collection is indexed under the following headings in the online catalog. Researchers desiring materials about related topics, persons, or places should search the catalog using these headings.