WaSMAR1802_k4.xml Guide to the Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement Records 1961-1987 Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement Records Finding aid prepared by Anne Frantilla Funding for processing this record series was provided through a grant from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission. Seattle Municipal Archives © 2010
PO Box 94728 600 Fourth Avenue, Floor 3 Seattle, WA 98124-4728 Phone: 206/233-7807 Email: archives@seattle.gov http://www.seattle.gov/cityarchives
Finding aid encoded by Julie Kerssen 2010 Finding aid written in English. Finding aid based on DACS ( Describing Archives: A Content Standard). Seattle Municipal Archives
PO Box 94728 600 Fourth Avenue, Floor 3 Seattle, WA 98124-4728 Phone: 206/233-7807 Email: archives@seattle.gov http://www.seattle.gov/cityarchives
1802-K4 Seattle (Wash.). City Clerk Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement Records 1961-1987 2.4 cubic feet 6 boxes Records documenting the transfer of land for the Cedar River Watershed. Collection materials are in English Historical Note

Seattle began exploring the use of the Cedar River as a water source in the 1890s. A dam was built at Landsburg and water sent through a 29-mile pipeline to reservoirs in Seattle’s Volunteer Park and Lincoln reservoirs. The first water from the Cedar River was delivered to Seattle in 1901. A second pipeline was built in 1909 and a third in 1923. In 1924, the City began the process of managing the watershed with the goal of ensuring water quality for the long term. In 1962, landowners signed the Cedar River Watershed (CRWS) Cooperative Agreement, which set up a process of land transfers that resulted in Seattle's complete ownership of its watershed lands. This led to further procedures for fire protection and public access control. In 1996, the USDA Forest Service ceded its watershed land to the City, which gave Seattle final and sole ownership of the entire watershed.

The CRWS Cooperative Agreement Records consist of official records documenting this process of land transfers, including minutes of annual meetings, easements, permits, joint road projects, and maps and drawings. These records were filed with the Office of the City Clerk and are available in microfilm as CF 247243.

Detailed List of Records

Document Book 1: CF 247243-1 through -36

247243-1: 1962 signed agreement Map showing land ownership Permit regarding roads March 8, 1962 Exhibit A to Permit - associated map Exhibit B to Permit with legal descriptions for roads shown on Permit Map in Exhibit A Easement to Permit Exhibit A to Easement – Map Exhibit B tor Easement – Description of easement from all parties Exhibit B to agreement – National Forest Lands within Cedar River Watershed Exhibit C to Agreement - City of Seattle lands within Cedar River Watershed Exhibit D to Agreement – Description of Weyerhaeuser Land and Timber Exhibit E to Agreement – 5 –year Action plan Exhibit F to Agreement – Permit Exhibit G to Agreement – Easement 247243-2: Weyerhaeuser Company letter of understanding December 4, 1962 247243-3: Minutes of First Annual Meeting February 14, 1963 247243-4: Minutes of First Annual Fire Protection Meeting March 18, 1963 247243-5 to 16: Approvals of Joint Roads Roads #100, 200, 640, 213, 530, 600, 530, 216, March to July 1963 247243-17: Minutes of second annual meeting of cooperating parties February 13, 1964 247243-18: Minutes of Annual Fire Protection Meeting March 13, 1964 247243-20: Approval of Joint Roads, Road 211 May 1, 1964 247243-21: Letter correcting legal description of city of Seattle lands in Exhibit C to agreement June 2, 1964 247243-22 to 25: Approval of Joint Roads, Roads 213, 200, 1964 247243-26: Minutes of Third Annual Meeting February 11, 1965 247243-27 to 29: Approval of Joint Roads Agreement, Roads 200, 211, 213 247243-30: Minutes of Annual fire Protection Meeting 1965 247243-31 to 34: approval of Joint Roads Agreement, Roads 200, 213, 127 1965 247243-35: Easement joint use roads 247243-36: Permit from US Dept of Agriculture and parties of agreement regarding joint use roads

Document Book 2: CF 247243-37 through -61

247243-37: Minutes annual fire protection meeting March 10, 1966 247243-38 through 50: Approval of Joint Roads, Roads 800213-28, 800, 2117A, 2248C, 150, 154, 155, 1966-1967 247243-51: Fourth Annual Meeting Minutes, February 10, 1966 247243-52 through 58: Approval of Joint Roads, Road 550, 800, 560, Projects 52-57 247243-59: Fifth Annual Meeting Minutes, February 7, 1967 247243-60: Annual fire Protection Meeting Minutes, March 20, 1967 247243-61: Approval of Joint Roads, Road 213 1967

Document Book 3: CF 247243-62 through -107

247243-62: Annual Fire Plan 1968 Cedar River Watershed 247243-63: Approval of Joint Roads Project Nos 59-63 247243-64: Approval of Joint Roads Projects 68 and 69 247243-65: Approval of Joint Roads Project 70 247243-66: Approval of Joint Roads Project 72 247243-67: Joint Roads Maintenance and Resurfacing Data 1968 247243-68: Minutes of Seventh Annual Meeting February 14, 1969 247243-75 through 107: Approval of Joint Roads, Projects 71, 73-94, 97-99, 101-107

Document Book 4: CF 247243-108 though -142

247243-108: Joint Road Accounting Summary 1969 247243-109: Minutes of Annual Fire Protection Meeting March 7, 1969 247243-110: Emergency Revision to 1969 Action Plan, April 14, 1969 247243-111: revised Road Payback Plan, July 24, 1969 247243-112: Annual Fire Plan for Cedar River Watershed for 1969 247243-113: Easement from city of Seattle, Scott Paper Company, Weyerhaeuser Company and Mountain Tree Farm Company to US Forest Service, covering portion s of the Joint Use Roads in the Cedar River Watershed, February 13, 1970 247243-114: Permit from US Department of Agriculture Forest Service to City of Seattle, Scott Paper Company, Weyerhaeuser Company and Mountain Tree Farm Company, covering portions of Joint Use Roads in Cedar River Watershed, dated February 13, 1970 247243-115: Minutes of Eight Annual Meeting Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement, February 13, 1970 247243-116: minutes of annual Fire Protection meeting, Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement, March 6, 1970 247243-117: Procedure to Incorporate Separate Roads into Joint Road System, signed by cooperating Parties, May 25, 1970 247243-118: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 100 247243-119: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 108 247243-120: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 109 247243-121: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 110 247243-122: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 111 247243-123: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 112 247243-124: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 113 247243-125: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 114 247243-126: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 115 247243-127: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 116 247243-128: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 117 247243-129: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 118 247243-130: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 119 247243-131: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 120 247243-132: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 121 247243-133: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 122 247243-134: Joint Roads Accounting Summary 1970 247243-135: Annual Fire Plan for Cedar River Watershed for 1970 247243-136: Minutes of Ninth Annual Meeting Cedar River Watershed February 8, 1971 247243-137: Minutes of Annual Fire Protection Meeting for 1971, March 12, 1971 247243-138: Permit from US Department of Agriculture Foreice Service to all parties covering portions of Joint Use Roads in CRWS, July 8, 1971 247243-139: Easement from City of Seattle, Scott Paper Company, Weyerhaeuser Company and Mountain Tree Farm Company covering portionsof the Joint Use Roads in the CRWS, November 10, 1971 247243-140: Annual Fire Plan for CRWS for 1971 247243-141: Joint Roads Accounting Summary 1971 247243-142: Minutes of Tenth Annual Meeting CRWS Cooperative Agreement, February 4, 1972

Document Book 5: CF 247243-143 through -179

247243-143: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 95 247243-144: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 123 247243-145: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 125 247243-146: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 146 247243-147: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 127 247243-148: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 128 247243-149: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 129 247243-150: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 130 247243-151: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 131 247243-152: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 132 247243-153: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 133 247243-154: Annual fire Plan 1972 CRWS 247243-155: Minutes Annual Fire Protection Meeting March 10, 1972 247243-156: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Minutes Eleventh Annual Meeting, February 13, 1973 247243-157: Mutual Agreement of Planned Overcut, April 2, 1973 247243-158: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 134 247243-159: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 135 247243-160: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 136 247243-161: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 137 247243-162: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 138 247243-163: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 139 247243-164: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 140 247243-165: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 141 247243-166: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 142 247243-167: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 143 247243-168: CRWS Cooperative Agreement 1972 Joint Roads Ac counting Report 247243-169: Annual Fire Protection Meeting Minutes March 2, 1973 247243-170: Annual Fire Plan CRWS 1973 247243-171: US Department of Agriculture Forest Service Permit May 9, 1973 247243-172: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 144 247243-173: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 147 247243-174: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 148 247243-175: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 149 247243-176: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 152 247243-177: Change of Road Status Project 153 247243-178: CRWS Cooperative Agreement 1973 Joint Roads Accounting Report, February 15, 1974 247243-179: CRWS Cooperative Agreement 1974 Joint Roads Accounting Report, February 14, 1975

Document Book 6: CF 247243-180 through -196

247243-180: Annual Fire Plan CRWS 1974 247243-181: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Minutes Twelfth Annual Meeting, February 15, 1974 247243-182: Annual fire Protection Meeting Minutes March 19, 1974 247243-183: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Thirteenth Annual Meeting Minutes, February 14, 1975 247243-184: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Annual Fire Protection Meeting Minutes March 21, 1975 247243-185: Annual Fire Plan 1975 247243-186: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 150 247243-187: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 154 247243-188: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 156 247243-189: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 157 247243-190: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 158 247243-191: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 159 247243-192: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 160 247243-193: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 161 247243-194: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Fourteenth Annual Meeting Minutes February 6, 1976 247243-195: Annual fire Protection Meeting Minutes March 30, 1976 247243-196: Agreement Approval of Joint Roads, Project 151

Document Book 7: CF 247243-197 through -233

247243-197: Annual Fire Plan 1976 247243-198: Easement between parties regarding road system December 23, 1976 247243-199: US Department of Agriculture Permit for specified use by City of Seattle, Scott Paper Company, Weyerhaeuser Company and Mountain Tree Farm Company. September 7, 1976 247243-200: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Minutes of Fifteenth Annual Meeting, February 10, 1977 247243-201: CRWS Cooperative Agreemnt Minutes of Annual Fire Protection Meeting, March 30, 1977 247243-202: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Fire Rgulations, Revised April 15, 1977 247243-203: CRWS Approval of Joint Roads Project 162 247243-204: CRWS Approval of Joint Roads Project 167 247243-205: CRWS Approval of Joint Roads Project 168 247243-206: CRWS Approval of Joint Roads Project 169 247243-207: CRWS Approval of Joint Roads Project 170 247243-208: CRWS Approval of Joint Roads Project 171 247243-209: CRWS Approval of Joint Roads Project 172 247243-210: CRWS Approval of Joint Roads Project 173 247243-211: CRWS Approval of Joint Roads Project 174 247243-212: CRWS Approval of Joint Roads Project 175 247243-213: CRWS Approval of Joint Roads Project 176 247243-214: CRWS Approval of Joint Roads Project 177 247243-215: CRWS Approval of Joint Roads Project 178 247243-216: CRWS Cooperative Agreement 1976 Joint Roads Accounting Report, February 10, 1977 247243-217: CRWS Annual Fire Plan 1977 247243-218: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Minutes Sixteenth Annual Meeting January 31, 1978 247243-219: CRWS annual Fire Protection Meeting 1978 247243-220: CRWS cooperative Agreement Amendment to approval of Joint Roads Agreement project 18 247243-221: CRWS Cooperative Agreement 1977 Joint Roads Accounting Report 247243-222: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 163 247243-223: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 164 247243-224: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 165 247243-225: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 166 247243-226: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 181 247243-227: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 182 247243-228: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 184 247243-229: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 185 247243-230: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 186 247243-231: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 187 247243-232: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 191 247243-233: CRWS Annual Fire Plan 1978

Document Book 8: CF 247243-234 through -249

247243-234: CRWS Easement 1978 247243-235: CRWS US Department of Agriculture Forest Service Permit August 18, 1978 247243-236: Partial Termination of Easement September 19, 1978 247243-237: Partial Termination of Easement September 19, 1978 247243-238: Partial Termination of Easement September 19, 1978 247243-239: Partial Termination of Easement September 20, 1978 247243-240: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Minutes Seventeenth Annual Meeting February 15, 1979 247243-241: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Minutes annual Fire Protection Meeting 1979 247243-242: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Agreement to Change Limits of Liability Insurance May 11, 1979 247243-243: CRWS Cooperative Agreement - Approval of Joint Roads Project 179 247243-244: CRWS Cooperative Agreement - Approval of Joint Roads Project 180 247243-245: CRWS Cooperative Agreement – Approval of Joint Roads Project 183 247243-246: CRWS Cooperative Agreement – Change of Road Status Project 188 247243-247: CRWS Cooperative Agreement – Approval of Joint Roads Project 189 247243-248: CRWS Cooperative Agreement – Approval of Joint Roads Project 190 247243-249: CRWS Cooperative Agreement – Approval of Joint Roads Project 192

Document Book 9: CF 247243-250 through -283

247243-250: CRWS Cooperative Agreement – Approval of Joint Roads Project 193 247243-251: CRWS Cooperative Agreement – Approval of Joint Roads Project 194 247243-252: CRWS Cooperative Agreement – Approval of Joint Roads Project 195 247243-253: CRWS Cooperative Agreement – Approval of Joint Roads Project 196 247243-254: CRWS Cooperative Agreement – Approval of Joint Roads Project 197 247243-255: CRWS Cooperative Agreement – Approval of Joint Roads Project 198 247243-256: CRWS Cooperative Agreement – Approval of Joint Roads Project 199 247243-257: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Minutes Eighteenth Annual Meeting February 8, 1980 247243-258: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Minutes Annual Fire Protection Meeting 1980 247243-259: CRWS US Department of Agriculture Forest Service Permit 247243-260: filed with Ordinance 109568 247243-261: filed with Ordinance 109568 247243-262: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Minutes Nineteenth Annual Meeting February 3, 1981 247243-263: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Minutes Annual Fire Protection Meeting March 20, 1981 247243-264: CRWS Cooperative Agreement – Change of Road Status Project 200 247243-265: CRWS Approval of Joint Roads Project 201 247243-266: CRWS Approval of Joint Roads Project 202 247243-267: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 203 247243-268: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 204 247243-269: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 205 247243-270: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 155 247243-271: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 206 247243-272: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Change of Road Status Project 207 247243-273: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Change of Road Status Project 208 247243-274: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Change of Road Status Project 209 247243-275: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 211 247243-276: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 212 247243-277: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 213 247243-278: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Change of Road Status Project 212 247243-279: CRWS Cooperative Approval of Joint Roads Project 215 247243-280: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Change of Road Status Project 216 247243-281: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Change of Road Status Project 217 247243-282: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 218 247243-283: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 219

Document Book 10: CF 247243-284 through -319

247243-284: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Minutes Twentieth Annual Meeting February 5, 1982 247243-285: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Minutes Annual Fire Protection Meeting March 26, 1982 247243-286: Amendment 1 of the CRWS Agreement, December 1, 1982 247243-287: Easement, May 18, 1983 247243-288: Permit - US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, March 5, 1983 247243-289: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 225 247243-290: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 226 247243-291: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 227 247243-292: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 212 247243-293: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 228 247243-294: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 230 247243-295: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 231 247243-296: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 232 247243-297: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 233 247243-298: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Change of Road Status Project 238 247243-299: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Change of Road Status Project 239 247243-300: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 240 247243-301: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 241 247243-302: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 242 247243-303: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Minutes Twenty-first Annual Meeting February 14, 1983 247243-304: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Annual Fire Protection Meeting March 14, 1983 247243-305: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Fire Regulations Revised May 18, 1983 247243-306: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 224 247243-307: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 234 247243-308: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Change of Road Status Project 235 247243-309: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Change of Road Status Project 236 247243-310: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Change of Road Status Project 237 247243-311: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Change of Road Status Project 243 247243-312: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 244 247243-313: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 245 247243-314: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 246 247243-315: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 247 247243-316: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 248 247243-317: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 249 247243-318: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 250 247243-319: CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 251

Minutes, Agreements, Maps

Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement Minutes Annual fire Protection Meeting March 30, 1984- 1986 CRWS Cooperative Agreement Minutes Annual Meetings 1984-1986 CRWS Cooperative Agreement Approval of Joint Roads Project 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272. 1984-1985 CRWS Cooperative Agreement Easement re Joint Roads 1987 Maps and Drawings, 1984

Also available on microfilm as Clerk File 247243.

Records are open to the public.

[Item and date], Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement Records Record Series 1802-K4. Box [number], Folder [number]. Seattle Municipal Archives.

This collection is indexed under the following headings in the online catalog. Researchers desiring materials about related topics, persons, or places should search the catalog using these headings.

Seattle (Wash.). Water Dept. Weyerhaeuser Company United States. Forest Service. Cedar River Watershed (King County, Wash.) Renton (Wash.) Seattle (Wash.) Tukwila (Wash.) Acquisition of property--Washington (State) Pipelines--Washington (State) Water utilities--Washington (State) Watersheds--Washington (State) Timber--Washington (State) City Planning Logging Public Utilities Public Works Water and Water Rights Seattle Washington (State)

The following section contains a detailed listing of the materials in the collection.

1802-K4 Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement Records 1961-1987 1/1 Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement - Document Book 1 - CF 247243- 1 through 247243-36 / includes 1962 agreement and Exhibits A-G 1961-1965 1/2 Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement - Document Book 2 - CF 247243 - 37 through 247243 - 61 / includes joint roads agreements, annual fire protection meeting minutes, and participating parties annual meeting minutes 1966-1967 2/1 Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement - Document Book 3 - CF 247243 - 62 through 247243 - 107 / incl approval of joint roads for projects 59- 63, 68, 70, 72; 1968 Fire Plan; Joint Roads Maintenance and resurfacing data 1968, 7th annual meeting min. 1968-1969 2/2 Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement - Document Book 4 - CF 247243 - 108 through 247243 - 142 / incl approval of joint roads for projects 59-63, 68, 70, 72; 1968 Fire Plan; Joint Roads Maintenance and resurfacing data 1968, 7th annual meeting min. 1969-1970 3/1 Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement - Document Book 5 CF 247243 - 143 through - 179 1972-1975 3/2 Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement - Document Book 6 CF 247243 - 180 through - 196 1974-1976 4/1 Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement - Document Book 7 CF 247243 - 197 through - 233 1976-1978 4/2 Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement - Document Book 8 CF 247243 - 234 through - 249 1978-1979 5/1 Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement - Document Book 9 CF 247243 - 250 through - 283 1980-1981 5/2 Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement - Document Book 10 CF 247243 - 284 through - 319 1981-1982 6/1 Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement - Minutes of Annual Meetings 1984-1986