Organized into 2 accessions.
The New England Fish Company (NEFCO) was founded in 1868 when eleven wholesale fish dealers met in Boston, Massachusetts, for the purpose of systematically marketing the catch of halibut fishermen. Headquartered at Gloucester, NEFCO established a system of cooperative buying and distribution. In the 1880s the company’s growth accelerated with the addition of other Boston fish companies and fish dealers from New York. The demand for halibut and the limitations of the catch in the Atlantic drew the company’s attention to the waters of the Pacific Northwest. With the Northern Pacific Railroad terminus in Tacoma in 1887, a method of transporting the fish overland was at last possible.
Because of Northern Pacific Railroad Company’s refusal to permit fish refrigerator cars to be attached to passenger trains, NEFCO decided to base their West Coast operations in Vancouver, British Columbia, where the Canadian Pacific Railway permitted the practice. In January 1894, Grier Starratt of Vancouver, British Columbia, was hired to represent the NEFCO at that location and the steamer
The West Coast location thrived due to a wealth of halibut and successful transportation. In 1897-1898, a new steamer
In 1901 NEFCO incorporated and its business practices changed from a cooperative structure (producing and selling to its member companies) to offering and selling its products to any buyers. The company filed articles of association in Portland, Maine on November 25, 1902 to “carry on as principle and as agent the business of buying, catching, propagating, breeding, storing, packing, canning, curing, preserving, dealing in and selling fish of every kind and description, including oysters, clams, lobsters and all other forms and varieties of shell fish; also of buying, making, manufacturing, acquiring, dealing in and selling all products and by-products in whole or in part of fish and shell fish” (p. 1, Articles of Association, Box 7). In December of 1918, the company was reorganized and incorporated to form the New England Fish Corporation.
NEFCO in the early twentieth century also began to handle fresh and frozen salmon. The volume of fish caught on the West Coast necessitated shore plants. In 1904, the Canadian Pacific Railroad leased to NEFCO a dock and building especially built for the Company’s use. In 1907, after deciding to seek a supply of halibut in Alaska, particularly for freezing, the Company built a cold storage plant in Ketchikan. A financial report from 1910 lists the Ketchikan plant as an asset in value of $180,000 (Financial Reports, Box 19).
They also began acquiring other companies, including the Northwestern Fisheries Company of Boston, which included an interest in The Doty Fish Company (later wholly owned) in 1908. A. L. Hager headed operation of the Northwestern Fisheries Company, supplying the Boston and New York dealers with Columbia River Salmon. Shortly after the purchase, NEFCO made Hager head of West Coast operations in Vancouver, British Columbia and head of The Canadian Fishing Company, Limited, (CANFISCO), when NEFCO purchased the company to handle Canadian business with fresh and frozen fish. Hager was involved in the Halibut Treaty between Canada and the United States in 1923 and in the International Salmon Treaty between the same countries in 1937.
Business expansion was rapid. A freezing, cold storage, and ice-making plant was built in Vancouver, British Columbia, in 1910. And in 1912, NEFCO purchased Atlin Fisheries Limited, in Prince Rupert, B.C., a large station for buying and handling fresh halibut and salmon. In 1918 NEFCO built its first salmon cannery at the CANFISCO plant in Vancouver, B.C., and in 1923 salmon canning was begun at the plant in Ketchikan, Alaska. NEFCO purchased many canneries, but over the years consolidated its holdings until there were eleven large plants—from the Columbia River up the coasts of Washington, B.C., Alaska, and Western Alaska.
Fresh and frozen plants were also expanded. There were six large fresh and frozen fish plants in Oregon, Washington, B.C. and Alaska. In the late 1920s NEFCO developed quick freezing methods, and produced frozen packaged fillets and slices, ready for consumer use. Production was halted in 1932 since retail facilities could not handle the product, but it was resumed in 1938.
On July 1, 1931 NEFCO headquarters moved from Boston, Massachusetts, to Seattle, Washington, because the bulk of its operations were on the West Coast.
To aid its growth in the herring market, CANFISCO (a NEFCO subsidiary) purchased the Nootka-Banfield Company Limited and its associate companies. Starting in 1932, NEFCO began purchasing halibut livers for the sales to pharmaceutical companies and animal food manufactures for fish oil. World War II provided ample opportunities for NEFCO’s growth based upon sales of canned herring and canned salmon. The Company also sustained itself during wartime by sales of fish meal, fish oil, vitamin oils, and fresh and frozen fish products.
Over the years the company played an international role in acquisition, processing, marketing, and trading of seafood with operations in the U.S., Canada, Europe, Asia, and Bermuda. They also were involved in the manufacture and distribution of pet food, insurance, and property management.
In the 1970s a number of lawsuits were filed against NEFCO relating to discrimination and anti-trust violations.
NEFCO filed for protection under Chapter 11 on April 23, 1980; nine days later the company re-filed for complete liquidation under Chapter 7.
The decline and bankruptcy of NEFCO can be explained by a compounding sequence of events and choices: 1) in the early 1970’s a significant round of financing from Prudential Insurance Company enabled rapid growth and diversification; 2) lack of internal and audit controls; 3) years of poor sales, such as in 1974; 4) years of big salmon runs, such as the summer of 1979, when NEFCO had a huge inventory but prices fell.
On March 31, 1989, the bankruptcy trustee’s office closed after collecting $82.2 million for the company’s assets. The depressed state of the industry and a botulism scare in the early 1980’s prolonged the liquidation of the company’s assets. Sam Rubenstein, the trustee, paid or settled all claims (both secured and unsecured) of creditors in full with interest.
NEFCO, along with its subsidiary, CANFISCO, had plants and canneries throughout Alaska, Canada, Florida, Oregon, and Washington State. In Alaska there were plants in the Bristol Bay area (Egegik Cannery and Pederson Point Cannery), the Kodiak area (Gibson Cove and Uganik Cannery), the Peninsula area (Sandpoint Cannery), Prince William Sound area (Orca Cannery in Cordova), there were Seward Fisheries (which consisted of a cannery, cold-storage plant and fish meal plant at Seward, a freezing plant at Homer, and a fish receiving station at Ninilchik), in Southeastern Alaska (Ketchikan Cannery, Ketchikan Cold Storage, and Noyes Island), and the
Articles of incorporation, by-laws, correspondence, financial records, histories, legal case files, maps, meeting minutes, newsletters, product labels, reports, and related records.
Open to all users but access to a portion of the materials is restricted.
Some records stored offsite; advance notice required for use.
Creator's literary rights transferred to the University of Washington Libraries.
Some records stored offsite; advance notice required for use.
The records were in moderate disarray upon receipt. Files
belonging to the same series were reunited and ordered alphabetically or
chronologically. Alterations to arrangement for ease of research are as
follows:
Additional files relating to the operation of the plants and canneries can be found under the series, Corporate Officer’s Files, under J.S. Gage.
Boxes 46, 221, 230, 233, 238, and 239 contain restricted files with personnel information or social security numbers that are closed to the public until 2035. The restricted files will be removed from the box before being served to researchers. Box 221 contains exclusively restricted files.
Records stored offsite; advance notice required for use.
In 1989, the New England Fish Company’s Trustee in Bankruptcy, Sam Rubenstein, offered the University of Washington over 3,500 boxes of NEFCO’s corporate records. The UW Libraries had previously expressed interest in acquiring these materials because of their relationship to other fisheries and marine holdings. Using a 98-page box list providing only minimal information, Manuscripts Curator, Karyl Winn, culled the acquisition down to 367 boxes of materials. All other records were destroyed by the company. Winn and a small team of students and volunteers created a brief inventory of the records without altering box order or arrangement.
The extant records of NEFCO begin at 1902, although the company was first organized in 1868. Correspondence from Harry Beard to NEFCO's past president, David Choate, in 1950 reveals that Mr. Beard at one point possessed record books #1 and #3 covering 1868-1879 and 1896-onwards [to 1902?] respectively. Record book #2 (covering 1879-1896) was supposedly in the possession of Bill Rich, past secretary, and was never recovered by the company (See History, Box 28). Books #1 and #3 were not transferred to the University of Washington Libraries and their whereabouts are unknown.
Funding for the full processing of the records came from Sam Rubenstein, NEFCO bankruptcy trustee.
Processed by Blynne Olivieri and Carol Kensel. Processing completed in 2010.