Overview of the Collection
Oregon State University Libraries, Special Collections & Archives Research Center
121 The Valley Library
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331
Phone: 541-737-2075
Email: special.collections@oregonstate.edu
Web: http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections
Consult repository.
Pauling, Linus Carl, 1901-
Pauling, Ava Helen
Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers
1910-1994 (bulk 1922-1991)
4437 linear feet
1800 boxes
pauling
Linus Pauling (1901-1994), a 1923 OSU graduate and the only recipient of two unshared Nobel Prizes, (Chemistry, 1954; Peace, 1962) undertook a wide range of studies during his seventy-year career as a scientist, humanitarian and peace activist. The collection, comprised of over five hundred thousand items, contains all of Pauling's personal and scientific papers, research materials, correspondence, photographs, awards, and memorabilia. Not only does the Pauling archive reflect Linus Pauling's long and varied scientific career, the presence of Ava Helen Pauling's (1903-1981) papers also indicates their mutual devotion to world peace and to each other.
Materials in English.
Biographical Note - Linus Pauling
Born in Portland, Oregon on February 18, 1901, Linus Pauling is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time.
After receiving his B.S. in chemical engineering from Oregon Agricultural College (Now Oregon State University) in 1922, Pauling went to the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where, in 1925, he took his Ph.D., majoring in chemistry with minors in physics and mathematics. With the help of a Guggenheim Fellowship, Pauling studied the fledgling discipline of quantum mechanics in Europe for a year and a half, becoming one of the first scientists to gain a strong understanding of both chemistry and the new physics. This crossing of disciplinary boundaries was a characteristic of Pauling's scientific work throughout his career. It was the fuel of Pauling's "stochastic" research method, whereby he would theorize several ideas, and discard the bad ones.
After completing his fellowship, Pauling returned to Caltech to join the chemistry faculty. In 1937 he was named chairman of the department, a position he would hold for the next twenty years. In 1939 Pauling would publish The Nature of the Chemical Bond, which remains the most frequently-cited scientific publication of the twentieth century.
In the mid-1930's, Pauling brought his knowledge of molecular structure to bear on biological molecules, particularly hemoglobin--the protein in the red blood cells. By the end of the 1940s, Pauling had determined the basic structure of proteins, the alpha-helix. He further suggested that sickle-cell anemia was a molecular disease, a hypothesis that he would later confirm with a colleague, Harvey Itano. Pauling also utilized his commitment to the U.S. government during World War II to explore practical applications of his research, chiefly through his successful development of a substitute for blood plasma. In many respects, Pauling was the godfather of modern molecular biology.
Pauling's public and political activities during the 1950s made him one of the most well-known scientists of the twentieth century. His outspoken manner on the issues of loyalty oaths, nuclear bomb tests and disarmament, as well as a host of other peace and humanitarian causes resulted in both government and media harrassment for more than a decade as well as a concomitant reputation as both a maverick and a hero.
In 1954, Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research into chemical bonding. Pauling's award marked the first time the Nobel Committee had awarded a prize for a body of work, rather than one hallmark discovery. Following the Nobel ceremonies in Stockholm, Pauling and his wife, Ava Helen, embarked upon a lecture tour around the world. Throughout his life, Pauling's traveling companion for the bulk of his numerous journeys was Ava Helen, to whom he was married for nearly sixty years. Only through Ava Helen's death in 1981, could Linus be separated from the person he commonly referred to as "the greatest influence on my life."
In 1963, Pauling was awarded a second Nobel Prize for his efforts to achieve nuclear disarmament, which he dedicated to Ava Helen. The genesis for the 1963 award was Pauling's 1958 submission to the United Nations of a petition signed by over 9,000 international scientists advocating the cessation of nuclear testing. Notice of Pauling's receipt of the Peace Prize was given on the same day that the United States and the Soviet Union signed a treaty agreeing to halt all above-ground nuclear explosions. Linus Pauling remains the only individual to be awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes.
After leaving Caltech, Pauling's scientific career centered around medical issues. Once again, he used his scientific knowledge to make advances in a discipline other than his original field of expertise. His research led him to develop the concept of orthomolecular medicine. Pauling also espoused the health benefits of megadoses of vitamin C. In 1973 he founded the Institute of Orthomolecular Medicine to expedite his forward-thinking research. To this day the Institute, now known as the Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine and located on the campus of Oregon State University, carries on the legacy of Pauling's work in medicine and nutrition.
Linus Pauling died on August 19, 1994.
Biographical Note - Ava Helen Pauling
Ava Helen Miller was born the tenth of twelve children on a farm near Oregon City, Oregon on December 24, 1903. After Graduating from Salem High School, she attended Oregon Agricultural College, Where she met Linus Pauling in 1922, her teacher in a chemistry course for home economics students. She said of her first opinion of him: "He impressed me as the man among men. I listened to him with the deepest admiration and respect." They were married in Salem, Oregon on June 17, 1923. Ava Helen later wrote, "My future husband came into my life when I was still something of a child and from then on he has been not only my ideal, but my life as well."
By taking on the responsibilities of their home life and four children, Ava Helen enabled Linus to Spend his time immersed in the pursuit of science. Prior to winning his first Nobel prize, Ava Helen urged her husband to join her in the fight for peace, stating that his scientific work would not be of any value if the world was destroyed. Accordingly, Linus came to devote much of his time to "peace work."
Together, Ava Helen and Linus spoke out against the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II. Ava Helen also stood by her husband's side as he battled Congress when denied a passport in 1952. Most significantly, the couple focused their energies on eradicating the horrors of nuclear warfare. The Paulings organized the Appeal to Stop the Spread of Nuclear Weapons, a petition signed by approximately 9,000 scientists when submitted to the United Nations in 1958. In 1961, Ava Helen and Linus arranged the Oslo Conference Against the Spread of Nuclear Weapons, a symposium on the prevention of further development of nuclear weapons. Sixty scientists from 15 countries attended. The conference's recommendations were essentially identical to the nuclear nonproliferation policies announced by President John F. Kennedy the next year.
In addition to inspiring her husband's humanitarian causes, Ava Helen was involved with several peace and civil liberties organizations herself. For three years, she served as National Vice-President of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. She was a board member of the Los Angeles Chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union for seven Years and a lifelong member of the Women Strike for Peace.
Ava Helen traveled throughout the world giving lectures on peace and human rights.
Among the several awards that Ava Helen Pauling received are the Janice Holland Award of the Pennsylvania chapter of Women Strike for Peace (awarded jointly with her husband), an honorary doctorate (Doctor of World Peace) from San Gabriel College, and the Ralph Atkinson Award of the Monterey County Chapter of the ACLU. This last honor reads: "...to Ava Helen Pauling, who spoke out against the internment of Japanese-Americans in 1942... challenged the inquisitorial committees of Congress in the 1950s and 1960s... and has actively supported the ACLU and its programs for half a century.
In recognition of her peace efforts, Oregon State University's College of Liberal Arts established the Ava Helen Pauling Lectureship on World Peace in 1982. The inaugural lecturer was Linus Pauling and subsequent lecturers have included Paul Warnke, Helen Caldicott, Noam Chomsky and Arun Gandhi.
Ava Helen passed away on October 7, 1981. She and Linus Pauling shared 58 wonderful years together. Whenever asked what his greatest discovery was, Linus Pauling always replied, "My wife."
Linus Pauling Chronology
1901
Linus Carl Pauling born in Portland, on February 28 to Herman and Belle Pauling.
1905
The Paulings move to the farming town of Condon, Oregon, where Herman opens a pharmacy. William P. Murphy, who will win the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1934, also lives in Condon at this time.
1910
On May 12, Herman Pauling writes a letter to the Portland Oregonian about his nine year old son who is "a great reader" and deeply interested in ancient history and the natural sciences. He asks readers of the newspaper to advise him about the proper works to procure for his child who has "prematurely developed inclinations."
On June 11, Herman Pauling suddenly dies of a perforated stomach ulcer with attendant peritonitis. Shortly thereafter the Paulings move back to Portland.
1916
First semester of chemistry at Washington High School. Due to a scheduling conflict, Pauling is unable to complete the school's American History requirement. He never graduates from high school.
1917
Begins school at Oregon Agricultural College, October. 6, in Corvallis, OR.
1919
OAC chemistry department offers Pauling, a sophomore, a full-time position as assistant instructor in quantitative analysis.
1920
Writes to Arthur Amos Noyes about his interest in coming to the California Institute of Technology.
1921
Does first research, on the effect of magnetism on the orientation of iron crystals when they are electrodeposited from an iron salt solution.
1922
Meets Ava Helen Miller for the first time, she is a student in a class Linus is teaching, "Chemistry for Home Economics Majors".
June 22, graduates from Oregon Agricultural College.
Departs for California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.
1923
First published work on the structure of molybdenite with Roscoe Dickinson, appears in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
At the end of his first year of graduate studies, despite family opposition, Linus and Ava Helen marry on June 17, in Salem, OR.
1925
Linus Carl Pauling, Jr. born, March 10.
Receives Ph.D. in chemistry, minoring in physics and mathematics, Dissertation entitled "The Determination with X-rays of the Structure of Crystals."
1926
Chosen for Guggenheim Fellowship. Goes to Europe with Ava Helen, leaving Linus Jr. with Ava Helen's mother.
1927
Publishes one of his greatest papers, "The Theoretical Prediction of the Physical Properties of Many-Electron Atoms and Ions, Mole Refraction, Diamagnetic Susceptibility, and Extension in Space."
Returns to Caltech and is named Assistant Professor of Theoretical Chemistry.
1930
Works on quantum mechanics in Germany at Arnold Sommerfeld's Institute for Theoretical Physics; resolves problems concerning quantum mechanics of the chemical bond.
1931
Peter Jeffress Pauling born, February 10.
Made full professor at Caltech.
Receives the first A.C. Langmuir Prize of the American Chemical Society.
1932
Linda Helen Pauling born, May 31.
Meets Albert Einstein, who attends a seminar conducted by Pauling on the quantum mechanics of the chemical bond.
1933
Elected youngest member of the National Academy of Sciences.
Receives his first honorary degree from Oregon State College.
1934
Receives three-year grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to support research on the structure of hemoglobin.
1935
Publishes, with E. Bright Wilson, Jr.,
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, with Applications to Chemistry
.
1937
Is appointed Director of the Gates Laboratory and Chairman of the Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering.
Edward Crellin Pauling born, June 4.
1939
Publishes
The Nature of the Chemical Bond
, and the
Structure of Molecules and Crystals
. This book, Pauling's greatest, becomes, by the end of the century, "the most cited book in the scientific literature."
1940
Becomes involved in various types of war work in explosives, rocket propellants, and medical research. Also develops the Pauling Oxygen Meter.
1941
Receives the William H. Nichols Medal.
Diagnosed with glomerulonephritis, a commonly fatal renal disease. A radical new treatment program developed by Dr. Thomas Addis, which stresses consuming a modicum of protein and drinking large amounts of water, is undertaken and followed by Pauling for the next fifteen years. It likely saves Pauling's life.
1942
Ava Helen Pauling speaks out against the internment of Japanese - Americans.
Pauling, Dan Campbell, and David Pressman announce successful formation of artificial antibodies.
In the Fall, J. Robert Oppenheimer offers Pauling a job as Director of the Chemistry and Metallurgy Division for the Manhattan Project. Because of his nephritis and involvement with other war projects, Pauling declines.
1945
Pauling and Campbell announce successful development of a substitute for blood plasma called oxypolygelatin.
Aids in the preparation of the Bush Report (about science in U.S. after WWII); argues that it is the board's responsibility to encourage research on how to avoid war.
In August, Pauling becomes concerned upon learning of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He begins giving talks about atomic bombs for local groups.
At the urging of Ava Helen, decides to devote a large portion of his time learning about subjects relating to the question of how to abolish war from the world.
1946
Receives the 35th Willard Gibbs Medal of the Chicago section of the American Chemical Society.
At the request of Albert Einstein, joins in the formation of the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists.
1947
Receives the Theodore William Richards Medal of the Northeast Section of the American Chemical Society.
Publishes a textbook,
General Chemistry
, which revolutionizes the teaching of college chemistry.
Awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society of London.
In late December, Pauling writes a pledge on the back of a cardboard placard: "In every lecture that I give from now on, every public lecture, I pledge to make some mention of the need for world peace."
1948
Awarded the Presidential Medal for Merit.
Attacks again the problem of the structure of proteins and this time finds that he can formulate a structurally satisfactory helical configuration.
1949
Becomes president of the American Chemical Society for 1949. In his presidential address he urges American industrial corporations to support a scientific research foundation that will insure them a steady supply of new products.
In April, Pauling and Harvey Itano, with Singer and Wells, present their results on sickle-cell anemia as a molecular disease at a meeting of the National Academy of Sciences.
1950
Publishes
College Chemistry
, a more popular treatment of basic chemistry than his
General Chemistry
.
On November 13, testifying before the California Senate Investigating Committee on Education, Pauling explains for over two hours why he objects to loyalty oaths involving inquiry into a person's political beliefs.
1951
On February 28, his fiftieth birthday, Pauling communicates "The Structure of Proteins: Two Hydrogen-Bonded Helical Configurations of the Polypeptide Chain," to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Written with Corey and H.R. Branson, this paper appears in April.
The USSR Academy of Sciences attacks Pauling's resonance theory of chemical bonding as antithetical to Marxism.
1952
Request for a passport is denied: "the [State] Department is of the opinion that your proposed travel would not be in the best interests of the United States". Pauling planned to visit England to take part in a meeting on the structure of proteins. He eventually receives a limited passport, but misses the England conference, where Rosalind Franklin's crystallographic photos of DNA are displayed for the first time.
1953
Pauling and Corey publish "Stable Configurations of Polypeptide Chains" in the Proceedings of the Royal Society. It becomes one of his most heavily-cited publications.
1954
In October Pauling learns that he has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances."
Pauling and his family travel to Stockholm where, on December 10, Pauling receives the Nobel Prize from King Gustav Adolph VI.
1955
On July 15, Pauling and over fifty other Nobel laureates issue the Mainau Declaration, which calls for an end to all war, especially nuclear war.
In November, Pauling appears before the Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights. He testifies that he is not and has never been a communist, open or concealed.
1956
Receives the Amadeo Avogadro Medal in Rome. He gives a speech on Avogadro in Italian.
Heads a team of scientists exploring the molecular chemistry of mental disease.
1957
On May 15, Pauling speaks to students at Washington University, where he states that no human should be sacrificed to any nation's program of perfecting nuclear weapons. In response to the enthusiastic reception accorded his speech, he composes an appeal to end atomic-bomb tests, which is promptly signed by over 100 members of the Washington University science department. The famous United Nations bomb test appeal is conceived.
1958
On January 15, Linus and Ava Helen Pauling present the petition to halt bomb tests, plus a list of over nine thousand signers, to Dag Hammarskjöld at the United Nations.
In February Pauling debates, on television, issues of fallout and disarmament with Edward Teller.
In April, Pauling and seventeen others file a lawsuit against the United States Defense Department and the Atomic Energy Commission to stop nuclear tests.
Publishes
No More War!
Elected to the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
Publishes a paper on the genetic and somatic effects of carbon-14. In this influential paper, he estimates the effect of one year of bomb tests on the next generation.
1959
Formulates hydrate microcrystal theory of anesthesia.
The Paulings attend the Fifth World Conference against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs in Hiroshima, Japan. Pauling is the guiding member of a drafting committee that writes the "Hiroshima Appeal", the principal document issued by the conference.
1960
From Sunday, January 31, until Monday morning, February 1, Pauling is trapped on the ledge of a steep cliff near his ranch. His disappearance creates great concern, and his rescue makes news around the world.
On June 21, Pauling testifies before the Senate Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act in Washington, D.C.
On October 11, Pauling again appears before the Subcommittee and, under threat of being held in contempt, refuses to reveal the names of those who helped circulate his petition. He is eventually excused without punishment.
1961
On January 2, Time magazine chooses the scientists of the United States as its "Men of the Year." Pauling is one of the scientists on the cover.
On January 16, Linus and Ava Helen Pauling issue "An Appeal to Stop the Spread of Nuclear Weapons."
1962
On April 24, 1962, President Kennedy orders the resumption of atmospheric nuclear tests. On April 28 and 29, Linus and Ava Helen Pauling, with several hundred other demonstrators, march before the White House in protest. On the evening of April 29, Linus and Ava Helen Pauling enter the White House as guests of President and Mrs. Kennedy, who have invited many American Nobel Prize winners to a dinner party.
Receives an honorary high school diploma from Washington High School.
In the November elections, Pauling receives 2,694 write-in votes for United States Senator from California.
1963
Files a libel lawsuit against William F. Buckley's National Review.
On October 10, the day that a partial nuclear test ban treaty goes into effect, the Nobel Peace Prize Committee of the Norwegian Parliament announces the awarding of the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize to Linus Pauling. Reaction by the U.S. media is largely negative ? Life magazine declares the announcement "A Weird Insult from Norway".
At the end of October, Pauling announces that he has accepted an appointment, effective November 1, as a research professor at the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions in Santa Barbara, California. He leaves C.I.T. after a forty-two year association.
On December 10 in Norway, Pauling receives the Nobel Peace Prize for 1962.
Resigns from the American Chemical Society because of his dissatisfaction with the attitude of the Society toward him, the bomb-test suits, and his Nobel Peace Prize.
1965
On August 12, eight Nobel Peace Prize winners issue an urgent appeal to world leaders for an immediate cease-fire and political settlement of the Vietnam War. Pauling, Albert Schweitzer, and Martin Luther King, Jr. are among the signers.
Announces a new theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus. The basic idea of his theory is that protons and neutrons are combined into spherons. He publishes "The Close-Packed-Spheron Theory and Nuclear Fission" in Science.
1967
Takes a one-year leave of absence from the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions to accept a position as professor of chemistry at the University of California in San Diego.
In December, Ava Helen is hospitalized after suffering a small stroke. She recovers completely.
1969
Accepts an appointment at Stanford University as Professor of Chemistry.
1970
Publishes "Evolution and the Need for Ascorbic Acid" in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
Awarded the International Lenin Peace Prize for 1968-1969.
Publishes
Vitamin C and the Common Cold
. The book becomes a best seller and will win the Phi Beta Kappa Book Award in 1971 as one of the most distinguished and important works published in 1970.
1971
Dr. Ewan Cameron notifies Pauling of his work in Scotland with cancer patients. Pauling replies, stating that he feels strongly that ascorbic acid may be of great value in the prevention and treatment of cancer. This correspondence marks the start of a fruitful collaboration.
1972
Cameron and Pauling submit a paper, "Ascorbic Acid and the Glycosaminoglycans: An Orthomolecular Approach to the Treatment of Cancer and Other Diseases," to PNAS. In a controversial decision, PNAS decides not to publish the work.
1973
Named Director of the Laboratory of Orthomolecular Medicine, a forerunner of the Linus Pauling Institute.
Pauling and David Hawkins edit
Orthomolecular Psychiatry: Treatment of Schizophrenia
.
Linus and Ava Helen travel to the People's Republic of China. They are among the first Americans to do so in the era of detente.
1974
The Institute of Orthomolecular Medicine changes its name to the Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine. Pauling retires from Stanford University one month later.
1975
Linus Pauling and Peter Pauling publish
Chemistry
.
Awarded the National Medal of Science.
1976
Delivers the Centennial Address of the American Chemical Society in New York. His speech is entitled "What Can We Expect for Chemistry in the Next 100 years?"
During the summer, Ava Helen experiences troubles with her digestion, and a physician discovers that she has a large tumor in her stomach. She has a three-quarter gastrectomy and recovers well from the surgery.
Pauling publishes
Vitamin C, the Common Cold, and the Flu
, an updated version of his earlier book.
1977
Governor Bob Straub of Oregon declares June 1 "Linus Pauling Day" in Oregon.
1978
Receives the Lomonosov Gold Medal, the highest award of the Soviet Academy of Science.
1979
First recipient of the United States National Academy of Sciences Medal in the Chemical Sciences.
Cameron and Pauling publish
Cancer and Vitamin C
.
1981
Delivers the inaugural Ava Helen Pauling Lecture for World Peace at Oregon State University.
On November 1, Ava Helen is awarded the 5th Ralph Atkinson Award, in celebration of her efforts on behalf of civil liberties and peace. It is her last public appearance.
Ava Helen Pauling dies of stomach cancer on December 7, following an illness that lasted 5 years and 3 months.
1982
In June, Pauling takes a sentimental trip to Oregon and Washington. He revisits several places where he and Ava Helen spent time together. He sees, for the first time, the grave of his grandfather, Linus Wilson Darling, in the Condon Cemetery.
1983
Publishes the 25th Anniversary Edition of
No More War!
The American Chemical Society announces that Pauling will receive its most prestigious award, the Priestley Medal, in 1984.
Announces the discovery of a new type of chemical bond that can mimic, for small molecules, the kind of bonding believed to exist in bulk metals.
1986
Publishes
How to Live Longer and Feel Better
. The book makes the New York Times best-seller list.
In April announces plans to give all of his papers, as well as those of his wife, to his alma mater, Oregon State University.
In December, the first 125,000 (of an eventual 500,000+) items arrive on the OSU campus.
1987
Pauling and Cameron begin to advocate the use of vitamin C in the treatment of AIDS.
Delivers a special series of the George Fisher Baker Non-resident Lectures in Chemistry commemorating the 1937 Lecture Series; entitled "The Nature of the Chemical Bond."
1989
Receives the Vannevar Bush Award of the National Science Foundation.
Participates in the discussions about "cold fusion" and offers a chemical explanation for what some have interpreted as a nuclear phenomenon.
1991
Publishes an appeal to stop the rush to war in the Persian Gulf.
Theorizes, with Matthias Rath, that ascorbate deficiencies are a primary cause of heart disease.
Diagnosed, in December, as having rectal and prostate cancer. Pauling undergoes two surgeries to treat the cancer, but otherwise chooses Vitamin C megadoses as his primary form of therapy.
1994
On August 19, Linus Pauling dies at Deer Flat Ranch, Big Sur, California.
Content Description
In 1986, Linus Pauling, a Nobel Prize winner for both Chemistry and Peace, donated his scientific notebooks, all of his papers, and the papers of his wife Ava Helen, an activist for peace, to Oregon State University, their alma mater. These papers chronicle fundamental scientific discoveries of the twentieth century and historical events of the anti-nuclear peace movement. They are an important source of information for researchers in many fields, and an unusually comprehensive and significant archive of the intellectual development of a path-breaking scientist.
Linus Pauling undertook a wide range of scientific investigations during his seventy-year career as a scientist, profoundly influencing the development of twentieth-century chemistry and biology. Pauling also had a second career as a humanist and peace activist. His inspiration to fight for social and moral justice came from his wife, Ava Helen, who championed peace and women's causes throughout her life. The collection reflects Linus Pauling's long and varied scientific career, his and Ava Helen's devotion to world peace, and their devotion to each other.
The collection of nearly 500,000 items contains all of the Paulings' personal and scientific papers, research materials, correspondence, photographs, awards and memorabilia. Among the most prominent items in the Collection are:
- The original manuscript for Linus Pauling's seminal 1931 paper, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, which Pauling called, "the best work I've ever done."
- The research notebooks and original manuscripts for a number of Pauling's influential works, including General Chemistry, The Architecture of Molecules, No More War!, and Vitamin C and the Common Cold.
- The original petition for nuclear disarmament presented to the United Nations, which contains the signatures of more than 9,000 scientists and Nobel laureates from around the world including Albert Schweitzer, Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein.
- Letters from many leading twentieth-century figures, including James Watson, Francis Crick, Martin Luther King, Jr., J. Robert Oppenheimer and John F. Kennedy.
- Linus Pauling's two Nobel medals.
The Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers is a huge collection, dating from Pauling's boyhood and the earliest years of his chemical investigations to the months just before his death in 1994 at the age of 93. Letters, photos, filmed and taped interviews, notebooks, journals and molecular models constructed by Pauling -- among the first such models ever made -- provide a unique record of the life of one of the twentieth century's most influential and outspoken scientists.
Restrictions on Access
Permission to examine the Pauling Papers will be granted to qualified researchers upon completion of the application form, and agreement to abide by the following rules and policy governing the use of manuscripts. Authors retain literary rights.
Restrictions on Use
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specific conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be "used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research." If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposed in excess of "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement. This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law.
Subjects
The Pauling Papers will be indexed under the following terms:
Personal Names
Addis, Thomas Jewning, 1881-1949
Albrecht, Gustav, 1912-
Allen, Fred, 1894-1956
Andrade, E. N. da C. (Edward Neville da Costa), 1887-1971
Aydelotte, Frank, 1880-1956.
Baumgartner, Werner
Beadle, George Wells, 1903-
Beckman, Arnold O.
Bergman, Gunnar B.
Bernal, J. D.
Bethe, Hans
Bohr, Niels
Born, Max
Bragg, William Lawrence, Sir, 1890-1971
Branson, Herman
Brasseur, Henri
Brenner, Sydney
Bridgman, Percy Williams
Brockway, Lawrence O.
Bronk, Detlev W.
Brown, Harrison
Brunauer, Stephen
Bush, Vannevar, 1890-1974
Cameron, Ewan, 1922-1991
Campbell, Dan H.
Carlson, Chester
Catchpool, John Francis
Cherkin, Arthur
Conant, James B.
Condon, E. U.
Corey, Robert B.
Coryell, Charles
Cousins, Norman
Crick, Francis
Daudel, Raymond
Davenport, Derek
Debye, Peter J. W. (Peter Josef William), 1884-1966
Degard, Charles
Delbrück, Max, 1850-1919
Dickinson, Roscoe G.
Donohue, Jerry
DuBridge, Lee A.
Dunitz, Jack D.
Eaton, Cyrus
Edsall, John T.
Einstein, Albert, 1879-1955
Emmett, Paul H. (Paul Hugh), 1900-1985
Ewing, Fred
Fajans, Kasimir
Feynman, Richard P.
Franck, James
Franklin, Rosalind
Fritchman, Stephen H.
Fulton, John
Gamow, George
Goudsmit, Sam
Gurwitsch, A.A.
Haldane, J. B. S.
Hager, Thomas
Harker, David
Harris, Milton
Haurowitz, Felix
Hayward, Roger
Hedberg, Ken.
Heisenberg, Werner, 1901-1976
Hendricks, Sterling B.
Herman, Zelek
Hicks, Richard
Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot
Hoffer, Abram
Hoffman, Roald
Hughes, Edward
Hultgren, Ralph
Hutchins, Robert M.
Itano, Harvey
Jahn, Gunnar
Jeffress, Lloyd A.
Jehle, Herbert
Joliot-Curie, Frédéric
Joliot-Curie, Irène
Karplus, Martin
Kay, Lily
Kendrew, John
Kennedy, John Fitzgerald
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968
Kistiakowsky, George B.
Landsteiner, Ernest Karl
Langmuir, Irving
Latimer, Wendell
Laue, Max Theodor Felix von, 1879-1960
Lederberg, Joshua
Lewis, Gilbert Newton, 1875-1946
Libby, W. F.
Lipscomb, William N.
Lonsdale, Kathleen
Luria, Salvador E.
Mark, Herman
McConnell, Harden
Meselson, Matthew
Millikan, Robert Andrews, 1868-1953
Mirsky, A. E.
Moore, Walter J., Jr.
Morgan, Thomas Hunt
Morrison, Philip
Morse, Wayne
Mulliken, Robert Sanderson, 1896-1986
Müller, Hermann J.
Noel-Baker, Phillip
Noyes, Arthur Amos, 1866-1936
Noyes, W. Albert (William Albert), 1898-1980
Oparin, Aleksandr Ivanovich
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 1904-1967
Palmer, Kenneth J.
Paradowski, Robert J. (Robert John), 1940-
Perutz, Max Ferdinand, 1914-
Piel, Gerard
Pressman, David
Rabi, Isidor Isaac, 1898-1988
Rabinowitch, Eugene
Rich, Alexander
Richards, Evelleen
Robinson, Arthur
Rotblat, Joseph
Russell, Bertrand, 1872-1970
Sakharov, Andrei
Sackler, Arthur
Schoenflies, Arthur Moritz, 1853-1928
Schomaker, Verner
Schweitzer, Albert, 1875-1965
Seaborg, Glenn
Selye, Hans
Shand, W., Jr.
Shapley, Harlow, 1885-1972
Shockley, William
Shoemaker, David P.
Sommerfeld, Arnold, 1868-1951
Springall, H. D.
Stanley, Wendell M.
Stitt, Fred
Stone, Irwin
Sturtevant, James H. (Holmes)
Sutton, Leslie E.
Szent-Györgyi, Albert, 1893-1986
Szilard, Leo, 1898-1964
Teller, Edward, 1908-
Tiselius, Arne
Todd, Alexander
Tolman, Richard C.
Urey, Harold Clayton, 1893-1981
Van Niel, Cornelis Bernardus, 1897-1986
Van Vleck, John Hasbrouck, 1899-1980
Wald, George
Waser, Jürg
Watson, James D.
Weinbaum, Lina (Litinskaya)
Weinbaum, Sidney
Weisskopf, Victor
Wheland, G. W.
Wilkins, Maurice H. F.
Williams, Roger J.
Wilson, E. Bright
Wrinch, Dorothy M.
Yost, Don M.
Zewail, Ahmed
Zuckerkandl, Emile
Organizational Names
Academy of Sciences, U.S.S.R.
Acta Crystallographica
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American Association for Cancer Research
American Cancer Society
American Chemical Society, Puget Sound and Oregon Sections.
American Institute for Cancer Research
American Institute of Physics
American Medical Association
American Philosophical Society
Bertrand Russell Society
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
Bronson Pharmaceuticals
California Institute of Technology
Cancer Research
Chemical and Engineering News
Chemical Reviews
Chemical Society
Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.
Consumer Reports
Cornell University Press
Eastman Kodak Company
Faraday Society
Food and Drug Administration
Foundation for Nutritional Advancement.
Journal of the American Chemical Society
Journal of the American Medical Association
Journal of Chemical Education
Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine.
McGraw-Hill and Co.
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
National Cancer Institute
National Institute of Health
Nature
New England Journal of Medicine
Nobel Prize Committee.
Oregon Agricultural College
Oregon State University
Orthomolecular Medical Society
Parke, Davis and Company
Physical Review and Physical Review Letters
Physics Today
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Science
Scientific American
Smithsonian Institute
Solvay Congress
Sources for the History of Quantum Physics
Soka Gakkai International
Stanford University
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations (UNESCO)
W.H. Freeman and Company
Science
Medicine and Health
International Relations
Oregon
Artifacts
Diaries
Moving Images
Photographs
Sound Recordings
Scrapbooks
Preferred Citation
Courtesy of the Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers, Oregon State University Special Collections, Box #
Processing Information
The collection was initially processed by Cliff Mead.
Acquisition Information
Collection arrived in installments. Two major shipments occurred, one in December of 1986 and one in February of 1998.
Container List
01
Correspondence
1919-2000
385 boxes
This section is comprised of correspondence received by Linus Pauling as well as carbon copies of correspondence sent by Pauling. The correspondence section as a whole has been structured alphabetically and sub-sorted chronologically. Beyond this, the correspondence section is organized on three levels: those individuals who made a prominent impact on either the history of twentieth-century science or on Pauling's life and work, have received their own entries under the heading Individual Correspondence. Likewise, correspondence with organizations and institutions has been filed under the heading Organizational Correspondence. Finally, bulk mailings and less important letters have been filed as General Correspondence.
02
Publications
1920-1998
undated
81 boxes
This section is comprised primarily of original reprints of the publications of Linus Pauling. Special Collections gratefully acknowledges the assistance of Zelek S. Herman and Dorothy B. Munro whose bibliography,
The Publications of Professor Linus Pauling, published most recently in 1996, served as the blueprint for Special Collections' revised and expanded compilation of Dr. Pauling's complete published works.
03
Manuscripts and Typescripts of Articles
1923-1995
undated
109 boxes
This section is comprised primarily of manuscripts and typescripts of articles written or co-written by Linus Pauling. Also included is correspondence relevant to the writing and publication of these articles. In many instances, the galley proofs, figures, research notes and other background materials have been interfiled where appropriate.
04
Manuscripts and Typescripts of Speeches
1921-1994
undated
107 boxes
This section is comprised primarily of manuscripts and typescripts of speeches written and delivered by Linus Pauling. Also included is correspondence relevant to the writing, delivery and/or publication of these speeches. Further materials illustrating the logistics of Pauling's travel to the location of a speech's delivery, including correspondence, itineraries and other notes, have been interfiled where appropriate.
05
Manuscripts and Typescripts of Books
1930-1992
52 boxes
This section is comprised primarily of manuscripts, typescripts and galley proofs of books written or co-written by Linus Pauling. Also included is correspondence relevant to the writing and publication of these books. In many instances, figures, artwork, research notes, publication contracts (both domestic and foreign), internal and external reviews and other background materials have been interfiled where appropriate. Special Collections also retains among its holdings several editions of each of Pauling's books, including numerous foreign translations.
06
Research Notebooks
1919-1994
46 notebooks
This section is comprised chiefly of Linus Pauling's forty-seven original research notebooks. The content of each research notebook has been cataloged in great detail. The notebooks themselves span the years 1919 to 1994 and include many of Pauling's laboratory calculations and experimental data, as well as numerous scientific conclusions, ideas for further research and some biographical musings.
Note: Subjects covered in the research notebooks typically span many pages. The listings may be the same but the pages have different information on them and the associated images are different.
07
Newspaper Clippings, Magazine and Journal Articles
1910-2002
102 boxes
This section is comprised of over 3,000 newspaper clippings, magazine articles, journal articles, typescripts and press releases either focusing upon or mentioning Linus Pauling. The large volume of material in this section illustrates the degree to which Pauling was very much a public figure - along with Albert Einstein, among the most recognizable scientists of the twentieth century.
08
Honors, Awards, Citations, Diplomas and Other Recognitions
1914-2001
undated
88 boxes
This section is comprised of the multitude of medals, citations, diplomas and other recognitions awarded to Linus Pauling. Included are the nearly fifty honorary doctorates received by Pauling during his lifetime. Prominent items include Pauling's two Nobel medals, the Lenin Peace Prize medal, the Lomonosov medal and the National Medal of Science. In addition, correspondence and other background materials related to the awarding of specific honors has been interfiled where appropriate.
09
Photographs and Images
1873-1995
undated
113 boxes
This section is comprised of 5,500 photographs, drawings and other images of Linus Pauling, his family and his colleagues. Special Collections holds both hard copy and digital versions of the bulk of the photograph collection.
10
Audio / Visual
1946-1997
undated
47 boxes
This section is comprised of an eclectic array of audio/visual materials related to Linus and Ava Helen Pauling and/or their work in science and peace. Media types in this section include audiocassette tapes, vinyl records, videotapes, Dictaphone belts, audio tape reels and film reels. Content includes recorded commencement lectures, other assorted public lectures, radio appearances and other interviews. In addition, Special Collections holds the original film reels used in producing the NOVA documentary, "Linus Pauling, Crusading Scientist", in 1976.
11
Science
1923-1994
212 boxes
This section has been divided into fifteen disparate thematic sub-sections, which reflect the extraordinary breadth of Linus Pauling's scientific biography. Generally speaking, materials have been arranged and cataloged according to research topic. However, three sub-sections - Institutions, Organizations and Committees - reflect the institutional architecture either supporting or directing Pauling's work during specific periods of his life. For example, the bulk of Special Collections' holdings relating to Pauling's scientific war work have been cataloged under the rubric "Institutions" and sub-sorted, for instance, the National Defense Research Committee, Office of Naval Research, etc. A similar approach has been taken with much of Pauling's work sponsored by the Guggenheim Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation, et al. The science section is comprised of original manuscript research notes, correspondence, figures, experimental data, non-Pauling reprints and other scientific research materials.
12
Peace
1945-1994
100 boxes
This section has been divided into eight disparate thematic sub-sections to illustrate Linus Pauling's manifold interests in topics of peace and humanism. The Peace holdings include manuscripts and typescripts, correspondence, meeting minutes, non-Pauling publications and other ephemera reflecting the numerous concerns addressed by the international peace movement from the mid-1940s to the mid-1990s. Prominent items include the three-volume bound
Bomb-Test Petition to the United Nations, 1958, for which Pauling received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1963, as well as a sizeable trove of materials related to Pauling's membership in the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, formed by Albert Einstein at the conclusion of World War II.
13
Biographical
1910-1996
205 boxes
This section is comprised of an amalgam of materials related to specific aspects of Linus Pauling's life. The biographical holdings are arranged both according to subject and format. In terms of subject-specific items, a wide array of manuscript and typescript materials, correspondence, notebooks, newspaper clippings, government documents, legal documents, tax documents and receipts have been sorted into sub-sections labeled Academia, Political Issues, Legal, Business & Financial, and Personal Materials & Family Correspondence. In addition, over 2,700 pages of loose-leaf scrapbooks compiled by Ava Helen and Linus Pauling have been cataloged and reside in this section.
14
Travel
1932-1994
9 boxes
This section is comprised of itineraries, travel agency and hotel receipts, maps, and assorted background material from the Pauling's travels around the world to participate in conferences, give speeches and for vacation.
15
Ava Helen Pauling
1927-1982
51 boxes
This section is comprised of manuscript and typescript materials, correspondence, assorted biographical materials, publications and government documents related to the life and work of Ava Helen Pauling. Items of special interest include writings by Ava Helen Pauling on issues of peace, civil liberties and women's rights. The Ava Helen Pauling section also contains extensive Miller family genealogical data; correspondence and meeting minutes concerning prominent peace groups including the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, Women Strike for Peace and Union Now; travel diaries and other assorted personal materials documenting Ava Helen's activities both within and outside the Pauling family home.
16
Personal Safe
1912-1993
42 boxes
This section is comprised of those materials stored by Linus Pauling in his private safe. The safe holdings have been cataloged at the item level, and the provenance has been maintained. Included among those items found in the safe are nearly 800 letters to and from Ava Helen Pauling; research notes, notebooks and correspondence related to Pauling's scientific war work; well over 100 of Pauling's pocket diaries; and a variety of other documents Pauling deemed sensitive.
17
Pauling Personal Library
4090 books
This section contains a listing of all the books and journals that are contained in Pauling's Personal Library. They are organized in sections according to the Library of Congress Classification system.