MTGMss318.xml Guide to the Fred W. Voget Papers 1935-1996 Voget (Fred W.) Papers Finding aid prepared by Teresa Hamann Funding for encoding this finding aid was provided through a grant awarded by the National Endowment for the Humanities. Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library, The University of Montana--Missoula © 2001
The University of Montana--Missoula Missoula, MT 59812 406-243-2053 http://www.lib.umt.edu/asc library.archives@umontana.edu
Encoded by ArchProteus2003 Finding aid is in English University of Montana, Mansfield Library, Archives and Special Collections
The University of Montana--Missoula Missoula, MT 59812 406-243-2053 http://www.lib.umt.edu/asc library.archives@umontana.edu
Mss 318 Voget, Fred W., 1913-1997 Fred W. Voget Papers 1935-1996 13.0 linear feet This collection represents a large portion of the academic research and writing career of cultural anthropologist and American Indian ethnologist Fred W. Voget. Voget focused his research for many years on the Crow tribe, also called Apsaalooké, of Montana. Materials are in English Biographical Note

Frederick William Voget, cultural anthropologist and American Indian ethnologist, was born in Salem, Oregon, on February 12, 1913. He was one of six children of Friedrich A. Voget, who emigrated from Germany to Oregon when he was 19, and Fay Isham, whose grandparents were Oregon pioneers. Voget was educated in Portland public schools, attended Reed College, and graduated from the University of Oregon. He attended graduate school at Yale University and received a Ph.D. in Anthropology in 1947. Fred served in the 71st Division of the U.S. Infantry from 1942 to 1947 and was honorably discharged as a Master Sergeant. He married Mary Kay Mee in 1942 and they had three daughters, Antoinette, Colleen, and Jane. Mrs. Voget worked as Dr. Voget's research assistant throughout their many years together.

Dr. Voget's fieldwork and doctoral dissertation subjects were the Crow Indians of Montana. His dissertation, The Shoshoni-Crow Sun Dance, was published in 1984 in the Civilization of the American Indians Series, University of Oklahoma Press, and is the first full-length authoritative treatment of the Crow Sun Dance. Holt Rinehart published A History of Ethnology, an earlier book, in 1975. Recent contributions to new books include the introduction to Old Man Coyote and the foreword to Yellowtail, Crow Indian Medicine Man. His most recent book, They Call Me Agnes, was a finalist for the Western Writers of America Spur Award for the best non-fiction book of 1995. They Call Me Agnes, the life story of Agnes Yellowtail Deernose, a Crow Indian woman, was written with the assistance of his wife, Mary Kay Mee.

Dr. Voget was the author of many articles, notable among them "The Osage Indians, Osage Research Report" (New York, London, 1974) and "Crow Sacred Numerology" published in the Plains Anthropologist in 1996. His articles are also published in the 1996 Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology sponsored by Yale University.

Fred Voget taught at McGill University in Montreal, the University of Arkansas, the University of Toronto, and Southern Illinois University. He was a visiting professor at Northwestern University and Portland State University. In 1966 he won a Canada Council Research Grant to work with the Six Nations tribes of Eastern Canada. He was a Fulbright Scholar to Germany in 1972 and returned there in 1979 as a visiting professor at the University of Munich. After his retirement as Professor Emeritus from Southern Illinois University, Fred returned to Portland where he continued to write and lecture. He was an adjunct professor at Portland State University and was a guest lecturer at the University of Oregon and Linfield College.

Since 1939 Dr. Voget devoted his life and his research to recording and preserving the culture and way of life of the Crow as it was and is. His contribution to the study of ethnology was intended to improve the lives of American Indians and to promote understanding and respect for the diversity of cultures in the world. He was an adopted member of the Crow Tribe and spent part of every summer with them in Montana. Fred W. Voget died on 8, 1997

This collection represents a large portion of the academic research and writing career of Fred W. Voget from his undergraduate years in the 1930s to a few years before his death in 1997. While the bulk of his research was focused on the Crow Tribe, the collection also includes secondary source research on numerous other North American tribes and primary source research on the Iroquois, Shoshoni, and Blackfeet Indians. Research specific to the Crow Tribe includes bibliographies, annotated photocopies of papers, book chapters, and articles, interviews spanning half of century from 1939 to 1993, and photographs from 1939 to 1987

The collection is divided into six series:

Series I: General Anthropology and Native American research, undated, 0.7 linear feet

Series II: Crow Indian research, 5.0 linear feet, 1936-1995

Series III: Field research notebooks, 1.0 linear feet, 1949-1993

Series IV: Crow language research, 1.0 linear feet, undated

Series V: Writings, 2.3 linear feet, 1935-1996

Series VI: Photographs, 2.5 linear feet, 1939-1989

Researchers must use collection in accordance with the policies of Archives and Special Collections, the Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library, and The University of Montana--Missoula.

Researchers are responsible for using in accordance with 17 U.S.C. and any other applicable statutes. Intellectual property rights transferred to the University of Montana.

[Name of document or photograph number], Fred W. Voget Papers, Archives and Special Collections, Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library, The University of Montana--Missoula.

The materials in this collection were retained by the Voget Family until donation to the K. Ross Toole Archives.

Gift of Mary Kay Voget, 2001. Dissertation purchased in 2004.

Mary Kay Voget sorted and arranged significant portions of the collection before transfer to the K. Ross Toole Archives. This collection was processed at the K. Ross Toole Archives for the first time in 2001. When received, the majority of research notes were organized in card files or file folders. Where Voget had categorized materials by subject, the processor maintained those divisions and separated remaining materials into "to be filed" groups according to established categories. Additional photograph identifications were obtained from members of the Crow tribe, including Fred Voget Lefthand. In 2012, Aaron Brien, a member of the Apsaalooke Nation and a student at the University of Montana, provided additional information about a number of the photographs in this collection. These are documented as his additions in the notes field.

This collection is indexed under the following headings in the online catalog. Researchers desiring materials about related topics, persons, or places should search the catalog using these headings.

Anthropologists--United States Ethnologists--United States Blackfeet Indians Crow Indians Crow Indians--Photographs Crow Indians--Rites and ceremonies Crow language Indians of North America Iroquois Indians Shoshoni Indians Siksika Indians Photographs Montana Photographs Native Americans Series I General Anthropology and Native American research undated 0.7 linear feet

This series includes notes and readings on anthropology theory and practice, bibliographies of anthropology readings, and a small amount of anthropology research notes. Additionally, the series has reading notes and bibliographies on a number of Native American tribes. The arbitrary arrangement begins with general anthropology and moves into broad Native American topics.

 1/1 Anthropology theory notes undated 1/2 Anthropology and ethnology theory notes undated 1/3 General bibliography of anthropology and archeology readings undated 1/4 Bibliography regarding culture, history, and evolution undated 1/5 Card file of book release notices, various authors undated 1/6 General anthropology notes regarding "constancy of problems" undated 1/7 Anthropology graduate class planning notes undated 1/8 Research notes, culture typology undated 1/9 Shorthand practice notes undated 1/10 Pamphlet, "A Preliminary Consideration of Areas of Africa" 1924 1/11 Notes on Central Mexico cultures undated 1/12 Notes and bibliography, South America undated 1/13 Miscellaneous notes taken in Southwest Museum December 1937 1/14 Report and discussion on Dobu Islanders, Apache Kinship, Australian Tribes, Primitive Behavior, and Iroquois Women undated 1/15 Excerpt regarding Shawnee and Delaware Indians from unnamed report undated 1/16 Pawnee, mimeographed information undated 1/17 Arapahoe reading notes undated 1/18 Kiowa reading notes undated 1/19 Algonquin reading notes undated 1/20 Native Americans, reading notes undated 2/1 Brief news article on origin of corn undated 2/2 Native American population according to 1910 census undated 2/3 General Native American bibliography undated 2/4 Bibliography, general Plains tribes undated 2/5 Bibliography, brief, U.S. Government undated 2/6 Bibliography, fur trade undated Series II Crow Indian research 1936-1995 5.0 linear feet

This series includes bibliographies, research notes on readings, annotated and clean copies of materials, newspaper articles, contact information, and interview notes. The bulk of the series is Crow Indian research, but material such as interviews with Shoshoni tribe members have been included to duplicate Voget's synthesis of this research in his book The Shoshoni-Crow Sun Dance. While the broad order of this series is arbitrary, Voget's original card file order has been maintained. Cards in "to be filed" groups were filed according to established categories and notes not on cards have been inserted into separate folders according to those same categories or topics. Groupings of interviews have been maintained as much as possible.

 2/7 Notes on Frank Bird Linderman's Red Mother undated 2/8 Notes on 30, 1920 Report Commissioner of Indian Affairs undated 2/9 Notes on Crow Indian Shelters and information on Fort Belnap Indian Arts and Crafts and the Blackfeet Indian Reservation undated 2/10 Miscellaneous Crow research notes and memorabilia undated 2/11 Crow names with abbreviations (informants) undated 2/12 Indian education specialist address & agency location note undated 2/13 Crow Agency news articles 1973, 1993 2/14 Crow news articles including reburial of Chief Black Foot, Donald Deernose obituary, and a Henrietta Whiteman profile 1978, 1979 2/15 Miscelleaneous news articles undated 2/16 References on Crow art undated 2/17 List of museums undated 2/18 Bibliography notes undated 2/19 Early research bibliography on Crow undated 2/20 Crow bibliography, alphabetized undated 2/21 Crow bibliographical sources, no order undated 2/22 Bibliography, Crow and other North American tribes undated 3/1 Bibliography, Crow and other North American tribes undated 3/2 Notes on "Phonetic Transcription of Indian Language," Report of Committee of AAA, original 1916, notes undated 3/3 Pre-history notes and bibliography, Crow undated 3/4 Notes from Blankets and Moccasins: Plenty Coups and his People, the Crows, author Gwendolin Damon Wagner, published 1936 undated 3/5 Notes from The Oregon Trail, author Francis Parkman, published 1931 undated 3/6 Notes from Meldrum's account in The Indian Journals undated 3/7 Notes from Peter Nabakov's Two Leggings: The Making of a Crow Warrier undated 3/8 List of some Crow clans undated 3/9 Typed copies of various reservation agency reports 1885-1894 3/10 Notes on Crow history undated 3/11 Miscellaneous short notes, Crow undated 3/12 Analysis of dating Crow-Hidatsa separation 1991 3/13 Copy of article, "Notes on Crow-Hidatsa Schism" 1977 3/14 Copy of chapters from The Crow Tribe of Indians by Norman Plummer 1974 3/15 Copy of sections from Early Western Travels, Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed. 1904 1966 3/16 Copies of articles on Plains Indians by J.D. Keyser 1979, 1993 3/17 Annotated copy of "The Crow Migration Story," Archeology in Montana 1979 3/18 Copy of "Ethnohistoric Problems in the Crow-Hidatsa Separation," Archaeology in Montana 1979 3/19 Copy of "The North American Berdarche," from Current Anthropology 1983 3/20 Copy of pages from The Missouri Indians 1960 3/21 Annotated copy of portions of The Indian Journal by Lewis Henry Morgan 1959 3/22 Copy of "Journal of Laroque" from Canadian Archives 1911 3/23 Copy of chapters from Narratives of the Adventures of Zenas Leonard 1934 3/24 Abstracts of papers from Montana Archeological Society Annual Meeting 1978 3/25 Copy of "Plains Indian Sun/Dance," by Spier 1921 3/26 B.I.A. "programming for Indian Social and Economic Improvement" 1956-04-12 3/27 Copy of M.A. Thesis "Abaatassheek: The Oilers, Pentecostalism Among the Crow Indians" 1993 4/1 Annotated copy of "Apsaakisshe: A Description of the Crow Indian Sun Dance," John A. Grim undated 4/2 Annotated copies of portions of Indians in the Fur Trade Arthur J. Ray 1974 4/3 Annotated copy of pages from The Fur Trade in the Upper Missouri, 1840, 1865 John E. Sunder 1965 4/4 Annotated copies of portions of The Missouri Fur Trade, 1840, 1865 undated 4/5 Annotated copies of chapters from Curtis's The North American Indian undated 4/6 Annotated copy of "The Sundance" from Curtis's The North American Indian undated 4/7 Annotated copy of "War and Chase" from Curtis's The North American Indians undated 4/8 Annotated copy of "Myth & Legend" from Curtis's The North American Indian, undated 4/9 Annotated copy of partial chapter "The Apsaroke," from Curtis's The North American Indian undated 4/10 Annotated copy of "Religion and Ceremonies" from Curtis's The North American Indian 1920 4/11 Copy of chapter on Crow peyotism, author unknown undated 4/12 Copy of The Stars We Know: Crow Indian Ethnoastronomy Timothy McCleary 1994 4/13 Annotated copy of "The Sun Dance of the Wind River Shoshoni and Ute" Robert Lowie 1919 4/14 Annotated copy of Social Life of the Crow Indians Robert Lowie 1912 4/15 Annotated copy of Myths and Traditions of the Crow Indians Robert Lowie 1918 4/16 Copy of Societies of the Crow, Hidatsa, and Mandan Indians Robert Lowie 1913 4/17 Annotated copy of "Crow Sun Dance" Robert Lowie 1915 4/18 Annotated copy of "Tobacco Society of the Crow Indians" 1919 4/19 Annotated copy of "The Material Culture of the Crow Indians" Robert Lowie 1922 5/1 Annotated copy of "Crow Indian Art" Robert Lowie 1922 5/2 Annotated copy of "Minor Ceremonies of the Crow Indians" Robert Lowie 1924 5/3 Annotated copy of "Towards a "New" North American Legal History" Frederick Hoxie 1986 5/4 Annotated copy of "A Culture Which Has Been Inevitably Disintegrated" Frederick Hoxie 1987 5/5 Annotated copy of "Building a Future on the Past: Crow Indian Leadership in an Era of Division and Reunion" Frederick Hoxie 1984 5/6 New book information sheet on Frederick Hoxie book release 1988 5/7 Annotated book draft entitled "From Individualism to Bureaucracy: Documents on the Crow Indians, Part 1, Chapter I/IV Charles and Susanna Bradley 1920, 1945-1974 5/8 Annotated book draft entitled "From Individualism to Bureaucracy: Documents on the Crow Indians, Part 1, Chap. V/conclusion Charles and Susanna Bradley 1920-1945, 1974 5/9 Annotated book draft entitled "From Individualism to Bureaucracy: Documents on the Crow Indians, Part 2 Charles and Susanna Bradley 1920-1945, 1974 5/10 Annotated book draft entitled "From Individualism to Bureaucracy: Documents on the Crow Indians, Part 3 Charles and Susanna Bradley 1920-1945, 1974 5/11 Annotated book draft entitled "From Individualism to Bureaucracy: Documents on the Crow Indians, Part 4 Charles and Susanna Bradley 1920-1945, 1974 5/12 Annotated copy of "An Ethnohistorical Analysis of Crow Political Alliances" Katherine M. Weist 1977 5/13 Copy of paper entitled "Crow Peyotism" Robert C. Kiste 1963 5/14 Copy of "The History of Peyotism in Nevada" Omer C. Stewart 1982 5/15 Copy of "Friend to the Ute" Omer C. Stewart 1982 6/1 Annotated copy of "An Archeological Demonstration of Migration on the Northern Plains" William J. Byrne 1978 6/2 Copy of "Crow Rendezvous" Colin Taylor 1981 6/3 Copy of "Early Nineteenth Century Crow Warrior Costume" Colin Taylor 1984 6/4 Copy of University of Montana Vision magazine with "Indian Law Clinic" article 1990 6/5 Review of Soldiers Falling into Camp William W. Savage, Jr. 1992 6/6 Paper entitled "An Early Basket and Plum-Stone Game of Chance Played by Cheyenne Women" Reno Charlette 1990 6/7 J. E. Ransom's correspondence regarding the Medicine Wheel 1994 6/8 Small copy of 1855 map of Crow Country from unnamed source undated 6/9 Misc. research on Crow land use and labor statistics 1949, 1975, 1976 6/10 Copy of U.S. Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs Land Use and Production Records 1974 6/11 Bureau of Indian Affairs statistics on Crow 1983, 1987, undated 6/12 Copy of Koittai Hilik, Crow newspaper 1977 6/13 Copy of "Second Battle of the Big Horn: Indian Voting Rights Suit," in The Nation news magazine Wilbur Wood 1986-10-25 6/14 Copy of Supreme Court Case, Montana et. al. v. United States et. al. regarding hunting and fishing rights 1981 6/15 Teacher's guide pamphlet titled "Crow Social Studies" 1986 6/16 Photocopied research labeled "Absaroka - 1968" 1968 6/17 Crow-related research and correspondence undated 6/18 Crow research notes undated 6/19 Crow stories, research notes undated 6/20 Crow culture, research notes undated 7/1 Crow soul concepts, research notes undated 7/2 Crow medicine pipe and sweat lodge, research notes undated 7/3 Crow interview notes and other research 1994-1995 7/4 They Call Me Agnes research (including interview notes) 1993-1995 7/5 Notes from interview with Helen (Pease) Wolf for They Call Me Agnes 1980 7/6 One card titled "Crow - Orphans and the Sacred - Old Woman's Grandchild" undated 7/7 Notes on Crow marriage, one interview note 1939-08-12, undated 7/8 Notes on Crow "Sex-Typing," interview notes 1939, 1941, undated 7/9 Notes on Crow virtue undated 7/10 Notes on Crow courtship, interview notes 1939, undated 7/11 Notes on Crow menstruation, interview notes 1939, undated 7/12 Note on Crow "Incense - Purification" undated 7/13 Notes on Crow pregnancy and childbirth, interview notes 1939, undated 7/14 Notes on Crow pregnancy and birth practices, interview notes 1939, undated 7/15 Note on Crow abortion undated 7/16 Notes on Crow childcare, interview notes 1939, undated 7/17 Notes on Crow ear piercing, interview note 1939, undated 7/18 Notes on Crow child growth ideas, interview note 1939, undated 7/19 Notes on Crow weaning, interview notes 1939, undated 7/20 Notes on Crow childhood training, interview notes 1939, undated 7/21 Notes on Crow childhood play, interview notes 1939, undated 7/22 Notes on Crow teaching practices undated 7/23 Notes on Crow names and naming practices, interview notes 1939, undated 7/24 Notes on Crow medical practices, interview note 1939, undated 7/25 Note on Crow "curing" or healing practices undated 7/26 Notes on Crow perspectives toward diseases, sexual and other, interview note 1939, and other undated 8/1 Notes on Crow warfare, interview notes 1939, undated 8/2 Notes on Crow treatment of enemies undated 8/3 Notes on Crow captives undated 8/4 Notes on Crow and other tribes' war lodges and camp structures, interviews 1941 and other undated 8/5 Notes on Crow warrior image and character undated 8/6 Note on Crow viewpoint toward reputation and special skills undated 8/7 Notes on Crow war party leadership undated 8/8 Notes on reception of returning Crow war party undated 8/9 Notes on Crow coup undated 8/10 Notes on Crow "names - honor," interview 1939, and other undated 8/11 Notes on Crow "healing - military" undated 8/12 Notes on Crow men's fraternities undated 8/13 Notes on Crow adults undated 8/14 Note on Crow youth undated 8/15 Notes on Crow religion undated 8/16 Notes on Crow creation myth undated 8/17 Notes on Crow deities or spirits undated 8/18 Notes on Crow "Little people or dwarfs" 1969-08-02 8/19 Notes on Crow medicines, interview 1939, undated 8/20 Note on rock medicine undated 8/21 Notes on Crow fasting undated 8/22 Notes on Crow dreams and spirit encounters, interview 1939-08-12, undated 8/23 Interview with F. Lefthand on "No-Fire Beings" 1988-10-17 8/24 Notes on Crow medicine men, interviews 1939, undated 8/25 Notes on Crow church, interviews 1939, 1940, undated 8/26 Notes on Crow sacred tobacco undated 8/27 Notes on ritual diffusion of tobacco undated 8/28 Notes on Crow "tobacco, adoption - worship" undated 8/29 Notes on Crow Sun Dance undated 8/30 Notes from early manuscripts of Yellowtail, Crow Medicine Man and Sun Dance Chief: an autobiography, respectively, final version published and notes approx. 1984 edited by Michael Oren Fitzgerald 1991 9/1 Telephone interview with Tom Yellowtail covering adoption, tobacco, Shoshoni Dance, and money tree 1990-06-17 9/2 Thank you note from Michael Fitzgerald undated 9/3 Magazine article about Thomas Yellowtail 1993 9/4 Thomas Yellowtail funeral program and obituary 1993-11-20, 1993-12-06 9/5 Notes labeled "informant accounts" 1984 9/6 Notes on Crow "paint" undated 9/7 Notes on Crow "respect," interview 1980 9/8 Notes on Crow "give-away," interview 1941, 1980 9/9 Interview with A.N. Thomas 1941-10-21 9/10 Notes on Crow use of and attitudes toward peyote, interview 1941-05-27, and other undated 9/11 Notes on Crow smoke - prayer, interviews 1939 and 1980, and other undated 9/12 Notes on Crow conflict and fighting, interview 1939, and other undated 9/13 Notes on Crow insult undated 9/14 Notes on Crow attitudes toward theft, interview 1939, and other undated 9/15 Note on Crow perspective of good and bad luck undated 9/16 Interview note regarding existence of Crow writing undated 9/17 Note from interview with Ball on Batsirupe 1939-08-11 9/18 Notes on Crow council district, interviews 1939 9/19 Notes on modern Crow politics, interviews 1980 & 1987, other undated 9/20 Notes on telephone interview with Frank Voget Lefthand regarding political changes 1994-01-04 9/21 General notes undated 9/22 Notes generally titled "scattered data on sundance," some interviews undated 9/23 Interview notes from reminiscences of "Ball" 1939-08-08 - 1939-08-11 9/24 News clipping about Sun Dance news rights 1987 9/25 Pencil drawing of Sun Dance staff undated 9/26 Typed notes on Sun Dance, participants and dates undated 9/27 Interview letter with response from Pete Lefthand on marriage, fasting, medicine doll, and Sun Dance 1947-04-08 9/28 Notes on Crow, legendary events and history undated 9/29 Notes on Hidatsa, cultural background for Crow undated 9/30 Notes on Crow-Hidatsa Relations undated 9/31 Notes comparing Mountain Crow and River Crow undated 9/32 Notes on treaties undated 9/33 Notes on trade undated 9/34 Notes on pre-reservation undated 9/35 Notes on reservation life, interview 1984, and other undated 9/36 Note on agent regulation of Crow social style undated 9/37 Notes on inter-tribal relations and view of other tribes undated 9/38 Various appellations applied to the Crows undated 10/1 Notes on Joseph Medicine-Crow, interview 1987-06-23, undated 10/2 Notes on gestures and sign language undated 10/3 Notes from readings on character traits assigned to Crows undated 10/4 Notes on Crow perspective of territory undated 10/5 Notes on Crow clans, interview 1988-09-01, undated 10/6 Notes on father's clan undated 10/7 Notes on relationships between clans undated 10/8 Crow dance societies, interview 1984, 1987, 1988 10/9 Notes on adoption undated 10/10 Notes on kinship behavior undated 10/11 Notes on kinship terminology undated 10/12 Notes on joking relationship undated 10/13 Notes on local divisions, bands undated 10/14 Notes on chiefs and political organization undated 10/15 Notes on camp layout and organization undated 10/16 Notes on camp circle undated 10/17 Notes on conflict resolution undated 10/18 Notes on police camp undated 10/19 Notes on teepees undated 10/20 Notes on annual calendar months undated 10/21 Notes on ethnobotany undated 10/22 Notes on food collection (women) undated 10/23 Notes on hunting undated 10/24 Notes on transportation undated 10/25 Notes on horses undated 10/26 Notes on horse equipment, saddle undated 10/27 Notes on dogs undated 10/28 Notes on food undated 10/29 Notes on maternal culture and technology undated 10/30 Notes on kitchen and eating undated 10/31 Notes on bow and arrow undated 10/32 Notes on food preparation undated 10/33 Notes on eating and etiquette undated 10/34 Notes on drinking and smoking undated 10/35 Notes on tanning and hides undated 10/36 Notes on bags or containers undated 10/37 Notes on admired types and behavior undated 10/38 Notes on body customs and care undated 11/1 Notes on hair undated 11/2 Notes on cleanliness undated 11/3 Notes on dress undated 11/4 Notes on age categories and biological maturation, interviews 1939, undated 11/5 Notes on burial undated 11/6 Notes on mourning undated 11/7 Notes on dances, reading and interview undated 11/8 Notes on modern dance undated 11/9 Interview notes regarding ghost signals and death 1988 11/10 Interview notes regarding medicine necklaces and names for babies 1987-01-18 11/11 Note on Glad Song, interview 1988-10-17 11/12 Notes on praise songs, interview 1988-10-17, undated 11/13 Notes on Crow Indian Fair, interview 1988-10-17, undated 11/14 Notes on games - competition undated 11/15 Notes on gambling undated 11/16 Notes on home life undated 11/17 Notes on sleeping arrangements undated 11/18 Note on acculturation - change undated 11/19 Notes on acculturation undated 11/20 List of early schools for Native Americans and other note on education undated 11/21 Notes from readings on coyote undated 11/22 Interviews on "Old Man Coyote" undated 11/23 Interview with F. Lefthand on the sun, woodpecker, and Washington's Birthday undated 11/24 Interviews with Marshall Lefthand on prayer, mystical power, and blessing 1989 11/25 Interview with Marshall Lefthand regarding sexual abuse conference 1989 11/26 Interview with Laverne Williamson, 4th of Pow Wow 1989-06-29 11/27 Interview with F. Lefthand on descent of Crow from sun 1989-07-16 11/28 Notes from telephone conversation with Barbara Lefthand, mention of fashion 1990 11/29 Various interview notes with Frank Voget Lefthand on Tobacco Dance, Sun Dance, and Custer re-enactment 1984, 1991-04-07 11/30 Notes on conversation with Ferole Pease 1996-02-08 11/31 Interview notes on "stylish tendencies of Crow" 1996-02-08 11/32 Crow "notes to be transcribed to index cards" undated 11/33 Letter from Ferole & Bill 1987 11/34 Notes from interview with Frederick May, 1993 11/35 Letter from T. Larson Medicine Horse undated 11/36 Interview with Feral Mae (Hogan) Pease, Crow Agency, Montana undated 11/37 Notes regarding Crow-Cheyenne conflict over Crow Agency Hospital undated 11/38 Interview with Bill Russell, Lodge Grass and Pryor, Montana 1956, undated 11/39 Interview with Bill Pease regarding Bill Russell undated 11/40 Note about Ben Jefferson, Lodge Grass, Montana undated 11/41 Interviews, notes, and records from Flathead Reservation, Montana 1950, 1956, undated 11/42 Interview with Sam and Flora Hathaway, Pryor, Montana 1956-06-13 11/43 Interview with Poesy Edward Whiteman, Pryor, Montana 1956 11/44 Interview with Mrs. E.A.K. Cashen, Pryor, Montana undated 11/45 Interview with Oliver Verme, Crow Agency, Montana 1956 11/46 Interview with Josephine Russell, Lodge Grass, Montana 1956 11/47 Copy of Kronmiller letter discussing Crow Tribe Resolutions 1956-06-06 11/48 One page unsigned resolution to alter Crow land lease terms undated 11/49 Copy of "Constitution and By-Laws of the Crow Tribal Council" undated 11/50 Photocopies and notes from folder labeled "Mike Cowdrey" undated 11/51 Kay Voget Crow notes 1968-06-08 11/52 Letter from Agnes Deernose and Ataloa Hogan Harris undated 11/53 Handwritten list of literature supplied by D. Deernose undated 12/1 Crow giveaway feast given by George Goes-Ahead-Pretty of Pryor 1946-04-28 12/2 Arrow throwing interview, Crow 1946-04-26 12/3 Jack Covers-Up interview on sun dance, Crow 1946-04-25 12/4 Jim Blaine interview on sun dance, Crow 1946-04-24 12/5 Medicine Crow interview on sun dance 1946-04-23 12/6 Interview with Plays on sun dance, Crow 1946-04-22 12/7 Interviews on sun dance, Crow 1946 and undated 12/8 Interviews on sun dance, much shorthand, Crow 1940s 12/9 Notes for non-sun dance member questionnaire undated 12/10 Guide for sun dance member questionnaire undated 12/11 Sun dance interviews with Lynn St. Clair, Tom Wesaw, Tom Compton, and John Truhujo, Shoshoni August 1948 12/12 Interview with Antonius La Jennesse, Shoshoni August 1948 12/13 Interviews with Mrs. Mike T. Montour, Caughnawaga Iroquois 1949, 1950 12/14 Signature of Pablo Juan Truhujo undated 12/15 List of Crow Agency sun dancers 1944 12/16 Compiled lists and tables of sun dance and related data undated 12/17 Compiled lists of church membership status undated 12/18 Political questionnaire undated 12/19 Interviews with members and other information on Shoshoni-Arapahoe Council 1948 12/20 Shoshoni-Arapahoe Joint Council Meetings 1947, 1948 12/21 Meetings of the Business Councils of the Arapahoe and Shoshoni 1940-12-06, 1941-12-11 Series III Field research notebooks 1949-1993 1.0 linear feet

This series includes Voget's handwritten field research notebooks on the Shoshoni, the Iroquois, the Blackfeet, and the Crow. Many parts of the notebooks are written in shorthand. The Iroquois and Blackfeet notebooks were transcribed in 2003 and 2004.

The series is arranged in chronological order.

 12/22 Field research notebook, Shoshoni, some shorthand 1948 12/23 Field research notebook, Iroquois at Caughnawauga, Ontario, Canada, much shorthand 1949-08-16, undated 28/1 Transcription of field research notebook, Iroquois at Caughnawauga, Ontario, Canada 13/1 Field research notebook, Iroquois at Caughnawauga, Ontario, Canada, much shorthand 1949-08-16, undated 28/2 Transcription of field research notebook, Iroquois at Caughnawauga, Ontario, Canada 13/2 Field research notebook, Iroquois at Caughnawauga, Ontario, Canada, much shorthand 1949 28/3 Transcription of field research notebook, Iroquois at Caughnawauga, Ontario, Canada 13/3 Field research notebook, Iroquois at Caughnawauga, Ontario, Canada, much shorthand 1950 28/4 Transcription of field research notebook, Iroquois at Caughnawauga, Ontario, Canada 13/4 Field research notebook, Iroquois at Caughnawauga, Ontario, Canada, much shorthand 1950 28/5 Transcription of field research notebook, Iroquois at Caughnawauga, Ontario, Canada 13/5 Field research notebook, Iroquois at Caughnawauga, Ontario, Canada, some shorthand 1950 28/6 Transcription of field research notebook, Iroquois at Caughnawauga, Ontario, Canada 13/6 Field research notebook, Blackfeet, mostly shorthand 1956 28/7 Transcription of field research notebook, Blackfeet 13/7 Field interview notebook, Crow 1939-07-08 - 1939-07-20 13/8 Field interview notebook, Crow 1939-08-12 - 1939-08-17 13/9 Field research notebook, Crow, no shorthand 1986 13/10 Field research notebook, Crow, no shorthand 1987 14/1 Field research notebook supplement, Crow, no shorthand 1987 14/2 Field research notebook, Crow 1993 Series IV Crow language research undated 1.0 linear feet

This series includes a small amount of language research notes from secondary sources, but the bulk of the series consists of handwritten and typed cards with a word or phrase in English and the corresponding Crow word or phrase with pronunciation markings.

This series is arranged alphabetically by the English word or the significant word in a phrase.

 14/3 Crow language research notes undated 14/4 Language cards with multiple words and phrases undated 14/5 "A" undated 14/6 "B" undated 14/7 "C" undated 14/8 "D" undated 14/9 "E" undated 14/10 "F" undated 15/1 "G" undated 15/2 "H" undated 15/3 "I" undated 15/4 "J" undated 15/5 "K" undated 15/6 "L" undated 15/7 "M" undated 15/8 "N" undated 15/9 "O" undated 15/10 "P" undated 15/11 "Q" undated 15/12 "R" undated 16/1 "S" undated 16/2 "T" undated 16/3 "T" undated 16/4 "U" undated 16/5 "W" undated 16/6 "Y" undated Series V Writings 1935-1996 2.3 linear feet

This series includes some of Voget's undergraduate papers, working drafts of articles and book chapters, and copies of published articles. The drafts preceded published works and probably a planned history of the Crow Indians that was not published at the time of processing.

This series is arranged in rough chronological order within the categories of term papers, drafts, and published works.

 16/7 Three copies of term paper for History of Social Thought class 1935 16/8 Copy of term paper for History of Social Thought class 1935 17/1 Paper for Main Currents of European Thought class 1936 17/2 Analysis of social theorists for Contemporary Social Theories class 1937 17/3 Notes for lecture or article on perspective and focus in anthropology undated 27/1 Dissertation, The Diffusion of the Wind River Shoshone Sundance to the Crow Indians of Montana 1948 17/4 Broad Crow article outline undated 17/5 Drafts of article or chapter on Crow Arrow Throw 1946 17/6 Retyped or revised draft of "Social Life of the Crow Arrow Throwing Game" undated 17/7 Draft of article, "William Big Day: A Crow Innovator" 1946 17/8 Draft of article "Anthropological Theory and Iroquois Ethnology undated 17/9 Draft of article or lecture entitled "The Status of American Indian Women: A Comparison of Crow and Iroquois Women" undated 17/10 Draft of Voget introduction to later printing of Blankets and Moccasins, originally published in 1933 undated 17/11 Notes for lecture or article on Crow Indians and Sun Dance undated 17/12 Draft of table of contents, notes, and bibliography for The Shoshoni-Crow Sun Dance undated 17/13 Early chapter outline for The Shoshoni-Crow Sun Dance undated 17/14 Notes and partial draft of Chapter 6 of The Shoshoni-Crow Sun Dance undated 17/15 Some chapter drafts for The Shoshoni-Crow Sun Dance undated 17/16 Index for The Shoshoni-Crow Sun Dance, A-N undated 17/17 Index for The Shoshon-Crow Sun Dance, O-Z undated 18/1 Organizing notes for They Call Me Agnes undated 18/2 Handwritten article or chapter, "Crow Mythology and the Creator" undated 18/3 Letter from Enciclopedia Italiana 1986 18/4 Draft of "Anthropology and Ethnology" for Enciclopedia Italiana 1988 18/5 Article on Crow for publication in Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 13 1987 18/6 Notebook, possible organizing notes for manuscript undated 18/7 Drafts of chapters on Crow origins for history of Crow manuscript 1991 18/8 Draft of chapters of Crow worldview for history of Crow manuscript undated 18/9 Drafts of chapter on Crow religion for manuscript on history of Crow undated 18/10 Drafts of chapter, "Religion in Crow Indian Culture and Culture History" 1989, 1990, 1994, undated 19/1 Rough draft of chapter, "Crow Culture History" undated 19/2 Draft of chapter, "Crow Origins" 1991 and undated 19/3 Draft of chapter, "Sacred Design of Hidatsa Society and Culture" 1991 and undated 19/4 "Work copies" of chapter, "Crow Culture" undated 19/5 Draft of chapter, "Historic Crow Culture" undated 19/6 Draft of chapter, "Reservation Culture" undated 19/7 Drafts and correspondence in regard to Voget's introduction to reprint of Old Man Coyote by Frank Bird Linderman 1995 19/8 Abstract, "Were the Crow Indians Conservationists?" undated 19/9 Article or chapter on Arapahoe culture undated 19/10 Bibliography for unnamed manuscript undated 19/11 One page note on paper about Crow ceremonial rights undated 20/1 Bibliography of published articles by Voget undated 20/2 Article titled "The Folk Society - An Anthropological Application" 1954 20/3 Article titled "Forgotten Forerunners of Anthropology" undated 20/4 Article titled "Anthropology and Sociology" undated 20/5 Article titled "Man and Culture: An Essay in Changing Anthropological Interpretations" 1960 20/6 Article titled "American Indian Reformations and Acculturation" 1960 20/7 Article titled "Reform und Akkomadation: Unter Amerikanischen Indianern" undated 20/8 Article titled "Comment on Robert K. Thomas' "The Redbird Smith Movement" 1961 20/9 Article, "Progress, Science, History, and Evolution in 18th and 19th Century Anthropology" 1967 20/10 Article titled "Anthropology in the Age of Enlightenment: Progress and Utopian Functionalism" 1968 20/11 Article titled, "A Six Nations' Diary, 1891-1894" 1969 20/12 Article titled, "The History of Cultural Anthropology" 1974 20/13 Article titled "Reflections on Acculturation Processes and Stages: A Reply to Deward E. Walker, Jr." 1976 20/14 Academic Encyclopedia articles undated 20/15 Entry on Franz Boas in Dictionary of Scientific Biography undated 20/16 Article titled "Cultural Change and the American Indian" undated 20/17 Article titled "Sacred Numerology and Management of the Universe by the Crow Indians" undated 20/18 Article titled "Warfare and the Integration of Crow Indian Culture" undated 20/19 Article titled "The Reservation Community as an Interactional System" undated 20/20 Review titled "Ethnoscience Versus the Survey: Steps for Gathering Data" 1980 20/21 Article titled "The Crow Indian Give-Away" 1987 20/22 Article titled "Religion in Crow Indian Culture and Culture History" 1996 20/23 "Before the Indian Claims Commission: Docket Nos. 106 and 107: Osage Research Report," (missing title page, page 1, and bibliographic reference pages 357-371) 1946, 1966 Series VI Photos 1939-1989 2.5 linear feet

This series includes Voget's photos, slides, and some negatives taken throughout his research. The bulk of the photos chronicle Crow activities such as the sun dance and arrow throw, feasts, and giveaways. A smaller number of photos are of specific individuals significant to Crow history and/or Voget's research. Another small group of photos pertain to Native American artifacts, the Shoshoni sun dance, and to Mohawk and other Six Nations groups. Most of the photos are very usable with the exception of photos 25/75 through 25/89, which are out of focus. Original photo captions and photo groupings were maintained where they existed. Otherwise, the photos in this series are arranged in rough thematic and chronological order. The slides are grouped at the end of this series.

In 2012, additional or corrected information for some photographs and context about places and events was provided by Aaron Brien, a member of the Apsaalooke Nation, in consultation with other members of the Nation. This information was added with the preface [From Aaron Brien]. When a date was corrected, the correct date was placed in the date field.

Digital copies of the materials in Box 20/Folder 30 through Box 26 are available online at https://umt.box.com/v/Mss318FredWVogetPapers. These digital copies were created in 2009 and are meant for reference only.

 20/24 Photocopies of Crow photos from various publications undated 20/25 Negatives of pictures and maps from various publications undated 20/26 Color copies and photocopies of photos used in They Call Me Agnes undated 20/27 Negative strips relevant to They Call Me Agnes circa 1980s 20/28 Negative strips from photos used in They Call Me Agnes circa 1980s 20/29 Negative strips relevant to They Call Me Agnes undated 20/30 318(VI):001 Joy, daughter of Robert Yellowtail and Agnes undated 20/31 318(VI):002 Danny and dance troupe

[From Aaron Brien] Standing: Tom Yellow Tail, Reginald Laubin. Sitting: Joseph Medicine Crow, Donnie Deernose, Henry Old Coyote.

undated 20/32 318(VI):003 Agnes used in They Call Me Agnes

[From Aaron Brien] Agnes Yellow Tail Deer Nose.

undated 20/33 318(VI):004 Yellowtail family

[From Aaron Brien] Left to Right: Tom Yellow Tail, Carson Yellow Tail, Robert Yellow Tail, Lizzie (mother), Amy, and Agnes Yellow Tail.

circa 1930 20/34 318(VI):005 Agnes's father, Hawk with Yellow Tail undated 20/35 318(VI):006 Amy, Agnes's sister undated 20/36 318(VI):007 circa 1920 20/37 318(VI):008 Agnes's mother at age 100

[From Aaron Brien] Lizzie Yellow Tail at age 100, mother to Agnes Yellow Tail Deer Nose.

undated 20/38 318(VI):009 Two rows of Crow women in traditional dress

[From Aaron Brien] Amy Yellowtail the sister to Agnes Yellowtail Deernose. Amy was married to John White Man.

undated 20/39 318(VI):010 Crow boarding school, Crow Agency, Montana 1894 20/40 318(VI):011 Crow Shoshoni Sun Dance, Pryor, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] This sundance photo is of the first sundance held among the Apsaalooke people since 1875.

1941 20/41 318(VI):012 Tripod reminder of Sun Dance, Pryor, Montana, June 1941 20/42 318(VI):013 John Truhujo praying for dancers to give them strength, Pryor, Montana 1941 20/43 318(VI):014 Tripod frame with buffalo head, Pryor, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] These sacred items will be put on the "center pole" of the sundance lodge.

1941 20/44 318(VI):015 Tripod frame with buffalo head, Pryor, Montana 1941 21/1 318(VI):016 "Baby cave" at Pryor, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Baby Cave (Baakaatitshiwishe or baby footprints.) Pryor, Montana. This place is located right behind where the Baptist Church is today.

undated 21/2 318(VI):017 Henry Big Day with daughter, Pryor, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] The bundle in the background can be hanging outside for a number of reasons that only the owner may know.

1939 21/3 318(VI):018 Medicine bundle belonging to Henry Big Day's father-in-law hung on west side of house, Pryor, Montana undated 21/4 318(VI):019 Picnic in the Big Horn Mountains, WY July 4, 1940 21/5 318(VI):020 Portion of the Medicine Wheel, Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming

[From Aaron Brien] A portion of Bighorn medicine wheel.

July 4, 1940 21/6 318(VI):021 Main business section of Pryor, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] The Apsaalooke refer to Pryor, Montana, as "Baahpuua" (They Shoot the Rock). This area has many names, this is most common.

1939 21/7 318(VI):022 Main business section of Pryor, Montana 1939 21/8 318(VI):023 Wolf Mountains near Lodge Grass, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] The Apsaalooke refer to the Wolf Mountains as "Cheetish" (Wolf's Teeth) or "Aluuwiluttuua" (Where They Get Red Clay).

1941 21/9 318(VI):024 Medicine Wheel, Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming July 4, 1940 21/10 318(VI):025 Medicine Wheel, Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming July 4, 1940 21/11 318(VI):026 Medicine Wheel, Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming July 4, 1940 21/12 318(VI):027 Unidentified building

[From Aaron Brien] Round Hall in Crow Agency Montana. Apsaalooke call this building "Awaasuuchichiaxa" (Round House). It was built in the 1930's. It was torn down around 2006.

1940 21/13 318(VI):028 Cemetery

[From Aaron Brien] Cemetery at the Little Bighorn Battle Site. This is not a cemetery but rather the markers of where bodies were found.

undated 21/14 318(VI):029 Scenic view undated 21/15 318(VI):030 Woman holding baby at Crow Fair 1940 21/16 318(VI):031 Man holding baby at Crow Fair 1940 21/17 318(VI):032 Crow camp scene

[From Aaron Brien] this picture was taken at the Annual Crow Fair.

1940 21/18 318(VI):033 Chief Holds-the-Enemy wearing Hudson Bay coat

[From Aaron Brien] Holds-the-Enemy wearing Hudson Bay coat. Holds the enemy was not a Chief but he was a respected elder among the Apsaalooke. His father, Pretty Eagle, was a Chief.

1939 21/19 318(VI):034 Chief Holds-the-Enemy, Prior, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Holds-the-Enemy was not a Chief but he was a respected elder among the Apsaalooke. His father, Pretty Eagle, was a Chief.

1939 21/20 318(VI):035 Camp views of annual Crow Fair 1939 21/21 318(VI):036 Camp views of annual Crow Fair 1939 21/22 318(VI):037 Folka Lefthand combing her hair, Crow Fair 1939 21/23 318(VI):038 Camp view at annual Crow Fair 1939 21/24 318(VI):039 Women with children, Crow Fair 1940 21/25 318(VI):040 Women with children, Crow Fair 1940 21/26 318(VI):041 Eating at the annual Crow Fair 1939 21/27 318(VI):042 Eating at the annual Crow Fair 1939 21/28 318(VI):043 Ruth Backbone and Elaine Mikalson at Crow Fair

[From Aaron Brien] Ruth Backbone would later be known as "Ruth Alden."

1940 21/29 318(VI):044 Two men observing fair 1940 21/30 318(VI):045 Two men and child on bench 1940 21/31 318(VI):046 Man in traditional dress 1940 21/32 318(VI):047 Pete Lefthand at Crow Fair 1939 21/33 318(VI):048 Camp scene undated 21/34 318(VI):049 Camp scene undated 21/35 318(VI):050 Unidentified family eating undated 21/36 318(VI):051 Man and children in camp area at Crow Fair

[From Aaron Brien] Pete Left Hand and child at camp during Crow Fair.

1939 21/37 318(VI):052 Teepee

[From Aaron Brien] Little Nest's Painted Teepee. This Teepee most likely belonged to Little Nest. He was known for the feather figures on the outside of his teepee opposite of the door. He received this from a vision during a fasting some years before. These feathers are known as "Feather Flag."

1940 21/38 318(VI):053 Three men on horseback facing camera circa 1940 21/39 318(VI):054 Henry Big Day and horse at Crow Fair undated 21/40 318(VI):055 Henry Big Day and horse at Crow Fair undated 21/41 318(VI):056 Henry Big Day and horse at Crow Fair undated 21/42 318(VI):057 Henry Big Day and horse at Crow Fair undated 21/43 318(VI):058 Henry Big Day at Crow Fair undated 21/44 318(VI):059 Henry Big Day and unknown man on horseback at Crow Fair undated 21/45 318(VI):060 Horse with fancy bridle and breast plate for Crow Fair parade 1940 21/46 318(VI):061 Assembling for the Crow Fair parade in Northeast section of camp, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Northeast section of the camp.

1939 21/47 318(VI):062 Assembling for the Crow Fair parade

[From Aaron Brien] Northeast section of the camp. Closer view.

1939 21/48 318(VI):063 Crow Fair parade

[From Aaron Brien] Robert Yellowtail.

August 1940 21/49 318(VI):064 Crow Fair parade 1940 21/50 318(VI):065 Gathering for costume judging at Crow Fair 1939 21/51 318(VI):066 Line of men on horseback in traditional clothing undated 21/52 318(VI):067 Crow Fair parade

[From Aaron Brien] Robert Yellowtail.

undated 21/53 318(VI):068 Crow Fair parade undated 21/54 318(VI):069 Crow Fair parade passing on 1939 21/55 318(VI):070 Crow Fair parade passing on 1939 21/56 318(VI):071 Two men on horseback with American flag, teepees in background undated 21/57 318(VI):072 Men on horseback carrying flag undated 21/58 318(VI):073 Crow Fair, Crow Agency, Montana 1939 21/59 318(VI):074 Parade at Crow Fair

[From Aaron Brien] Robert Yellowtail.

1940 21/60 318(VI):075 Raising teepee at Crow Fair 1940 21/61 318(VI):076 Henry Big Day at Crow Fair undated 21/62 318(VI):077 Herb Reed at Crow Fair 1940 21/63 318(VI):078 Reed kids and Thelma in camp at Crow Fair 1940 21/64 318(VI):079 Three children at Crow Fair circa 1940 21/65 318(VI):080 Small girl in traditional Crow dress, Crow Fair circa 1940 21/66 318(VI):081 Suzy Yellowtail in bone elk tooth dress undated 21/67 318(VI):082 Henry Big Day in traditional clothing with pinto horse 1940 21/68 318(VI):083 Henry Big Day on pinto 1940 21/69 318(VI):084 Camp scene with meat drying on pole at Crow Fair, Crow Agency, Montana 1939 21/70 318(VI):085 Camp scene with woman and child in foreground undated 21/71 318(VI):086 Crow teepees with ramada-type shelter at Crow Fair, Crow Agency, Montana 1939 21/72 318(VI):087 Crow teepees with ramada-type shelter at Crow Fair, Crow Agency, Montana 1939 21/73 318(VI):088 Crow teepees, Crow Agency, Montana 1940 21/74 318(VI):089 Teepee

[From Aaron Brien] Painted teepee. Possibly Little Nest's teepee.

undated 21/75 318(VI):090 Teepee undated 21/76 318(VI):091 Teepee undated 21/77 318(VI):092 Crow teepees undated 21/78 318(VI):093 Teepee and cars, Crow Fair 1940 21/79 318(VI):094 Child's play teepee, Crow 1939 21/80 318(VI):095 Old Cree madwoman, Yellow-woman (Mrs. Ball), Ball, and Joe Turns Back, Pryor, Montana 1939 21/81 318(VI):096 Crow women at Crow Fair

[From Aaron Brien] Apsaalooke Women

August 1939 21/82 318(VI):097 Women and children under canopy, Crow Fair 1940 21/83 318(VI):098 View of Crow Fair camp 1940 21/84 318(VI):099 View of Crow Fair camp 1940 21/85 318(VI):100 View of Crow Fair camp 1940 21/86 318(VI):101 View of Crow Fair camp 1940 21/87 318(VI):102 View of Crow Fair camp 1940 21/88 318(VI):103 View of Crow Fair camp 1940 21/89 318(VI):104 View of Crow Fair camp 1940 21/90 318(VI):105 Returning war party at Crow Fair

[From Aaron Brien] It is the Apsaalooke belief that, when a Clan Father makes a "good wish" for the clan child it will come true. The praise song is one way of making that wish.

1939 22/1 318(VI):106 Remnants of fort build by Cheyenne about five miles from Lodge Grass, Montana undated 22/2 318(VI):107 War lodge, presumably left by Piegan 1941 22/3 318(VI):108 War lodge, presumably left by Piegan 1941 22/4 318(VI):109 Gathering, possibly for feast undated 22/5 318(VI):110 Three boys at Crow Fair 1939 22/6 318(VI):111 Looking out over North Fork of Lodge Grass Creek, Montana 1941 22/7 318(VI):112 Teepee Pole Springs in the Big Horn Mountains 1941 22/8 318(VI):113 Inspecting marriage gifts

[From Aaron Brien] It is Apsaalooke custom to give gifts to the newly married couple. An Apsaalooke mother will give a teepee and new dress as well as many household goods. This is a custom that is still practiced.

1940 22/9 318(VI):114 Hartford Whitehip's marriage, inspecting gift of groom and bride's parents and kin, Lodge Grass, Montana 1940 22/10 318(VI):115 Whitehip marriage goods displayed, Lodge Grass, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Gloria's Apsaalooke name was Weasel Song "Utteiishuhe." This was given to her by the well-respected Pryor Montana elder Plainfeather.

1940 22/11 318(VI):116 Gloria Goes Ahead, Crow bride, with wedding gifts, Lodge Grass, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Gloria was born in 1931 making her 9 years old in 1940. Gloria was married in 1950; [From Archives] The Gloria Goes Ahead photographs were dated by an earlier processor as 1940.

1950 22/12 318(VI):117 Gloria Goes Ahead, Crow bride, inspecting wedding gifts 1950 22/13 318(VI):118 Crow bride and young groom (Gloria Goes Ahead and Barnard Cummins) with wedding presents

[From Aaron Brien] Bernard and Gloria Cummins looking at a "wedding gift horse."

1950 22/14 318(VI):119 Possible wedding gift display undated 22/15 318(VI):120 View of house, barn, and corrals, Pryor, Montana 1941 22/16 318(VI):121 View of house, barn, and corrals, Pryor, Montana 1941 22/17 318(VI):122 Tobacco garden, Lodge Grass, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Tobacco Garden fence. This Ceremony is called Oopawuussiio, "Putting tobacco in." To be involved in the Tobacco gardens one must be a member of the Tobacco Society "Baasshussuua."

May 30, 1941 22/18 318(VI):123a Tobacco garden 6 days after planting, Lodge Grass, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] View From inside the Tobacco Garden six days after planting.

May 30, 1941 22/18 318(VI):123b Tobacco garden 6 days after planting, Lodge Grass, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] View From inside the Tobacco Garden six days after planting.

May 30, 1941 22/19 318(VI):124 Woman cleaning hide with elkhorn adze, grandmother with child 1940 22/20 318(VI):125 Woman staking hide down

[From Aaron Brien] Unknown woman nailing hide down.

1940 22/21 318(VI):126 Woman working on tanning hide, Lodge Grass, Montana 1940 22/22 318(VI):127 Woman tanning hide, Lodge Grass, Montana 1940 22/23 318(VI):128 Hide stretched between pegs for tanning 1939 22/24 318(VI):129 Hide stretched between pegs for tanning 1939 22/25 318(VI):130 Woman-on-top-of-the-ground demonstrates fleshing of deer hide 1941 22/26 318(VI):131 Woman-on-top-of-the-ground softens hide by scraping 1941 22/27 318(VI):132 Two unidentified women undated 22/28 318(VI):133 Two people

[From Aaron Brien] Two unidentified people getting rest inside the Sundance lodge.

undated 22/29 318(VI):134 Crow child in parade dress on black and white pinto

[From Aaron Brien] Unidentified Apsaalooke girl on black and white pinto parade horse.

1940 22/30 318(VI):135 Crow child in parade dress on dark-colored horse

[From Aaron Brien] Unidentified Apsaalooke girl on sorrel parade horse.

1940 22/31 318(VI):136 Crow feast after giveaway

[From Aaron Brien] It is common after any Apsaalooke "doings" to have a feed, as seen here.

1940 22/32 318(VI):137 Dancing fraternity in background and circle of men playing hand games in foreground

[From Aaron Brien] Apsaalooke Hot Dancers and singers, with children watching in foreground. The Voget description states these men are dancing and a group of men are playing handgames. It was mistaken. Singers were taken for handgame players.

1940 22/33 318(VI):138 Eddie Roundface signaling in Handgame, Pryor

[From Aaron Brien] This a game played only in the winter. It is a Apsaalooke taboo to play this game during the summer months.

circa 1939-1940 22/34 318(VI):139 Yellow Face and Holds-the-Enemy at Crow Fair

[From Aaron Brien] Yellow Face in this image may be "Half Yellow Face" who was best known for his role as a scout for the 7th Calvary. But he himself was what the Apsaalooke refer to as "Pipe Carrier" commonly known as a war leader. Holds-the-Enemy was the son of respected Chief Pretty Eagle.

August 1939 22/35 318(VI):140 Holds-the-Enemy on horseback at crow Fair 1939 22/36 318(VI):141 Branding on Reed farm, Arliss Whiteman undated 22/37 318(VI):142 Branding by Yellowtail, the Crow Superintendent undated 22/38 318(VI):143 Branding undated 22/39 318(VI):144 Gathering poles for sun dance lodge, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Two unidentified men near unused sweat lodge, Crow Reservation This description says "Gathering poles for sundance lodge. But in folder 7 of box 22 this same picture states "Teepee Pole Springs in the Big Horn Mountains." It is important to note that Tipi Pole Springs and Crow Agency are not close to each other.

1941 22/40 318(VI):145 Gathering poles for sun dance lodge, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Getting ready to construct the Sundance lodge, Crow Agency. From looking at the negative this is not gathering poles for the sundance but it is sundance related. This is known as "aweeleennissuua" or "Bitaalasshia paaxaau". This is a ceremony done right before the Sundance.

1941 22/41 318(VI):146 Gathering poles for sun dance lodge, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Getting ready to construct the Sundance lodge. This picture looks like the same event as folder 40.

1941 22/42 318(VI):147 Gathering poles for sun dance lodge, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Unidentified men talking, the "center pole" lying on the ground, Crow Agency. This picture looks like the same event as folder 40.

1941 22/43 318(VI):148 Gathering poles for sun dance lodge, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Apsaalooke men getting ready to raise the Center Pole, Crow Agency. This picture is of the "Raising of the center pole".

1941 22/44 318(VI):149 Gathering poles for sun dance lodge, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Construction of the Sundance Lodge, Crow Agency. This was only the second sundance among the Apsaalooke since 1875. The first being in Pryor, Montana, one month before.

1941 22/45 318(VI):150 Charlie Ten/bear talks with signs while Truhujo listens, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 22/46 318(VI):151 Loading poles for sun dance lodge, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Loading the "Center Pole" Crow Agency, Montana. The sponger for this sundance was Gus Other Medicine and the Sundance Chief was John Truhujo.

1941 22/47 318(VI):152 Truck dragging wagon with poles, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 22/48 318(VI):153 Slender pole draped with material, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 22/49 318(VI):154 Tripod in foreground, seated people in background, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 22/50 318(VI):155 Woodpile which lay south of the buffalo head, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 22/51 318(VI):156 Preparing center pole, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Unknown men preparing the center pole to be raised, Crow Agency, Montana.

1941 22/52 318(VI):157 Preparation of sun dance lodge center pole, Charlie Ten/bear in immediate foreground, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 22/53 318(VI):158 Charlie Ten/bear gesturing, Truhujo visible, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 22/54 318(VI):159 Messenger eagle marking center pole location, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Stuffed eagle that is going to be placed on the Center pole, Crow Agency. The Apsaalooke say that the eagle is placed on the Center pole to represent freedom. The eagle has no boundaries. As well as the Apsaalooke belief that all birds carry our prayers to the Creator.

1941 22/55 318(VI):160 Messenger eagle resting on cottonwood foliage frame pointed to sun, marking location of center pole, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 22/56 318(VI):161 Messenger eagle undated 22/57 318(VI):162 Ready to attach buffalo head to center pole, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 22/58 318(VI):163 Attaching buffalo head to center pole, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] The Center pole has three main objects attached to it. The Buffalo head, Eagle and a Bundle of willows. The Center pole also has three or four black lines at the base marking the length of the dance.

1941 22/59 318(VI):164 Raising center pole at Crow Agency, Montana 1941 22/60 318(VI):165 Raising the center pole undated 22/61 318(VI):166 Raising center pole for sun dance 1940 22/62 318(VI):167 Raising center pole for sun dance 1941 22/63 318(VI):168 Raising center pole for sun dance 1940 22/64 318(VI):169 Stabilizing center pole for sun dance 1941 22/65 318(VI):170 Stages in lodge construction for Crow sun dance, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 22/66 318(VI):171 Stages in lodge construction for Crow sun dance, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 22/67 318(VI):172 Constructing sun dance lodge, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 22/68 318(VI):173 Center pole with buffalo head, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 22/69 318(VI):174 Center pole with buffalo head, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 22/70 318(VI):175 Center pole with buffalo head, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 22/71 318(VI):176 Men waiting in and by truck, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Apsaalooke Hot Dancers in back of pickup truck. It looks like these dancers are getting ready to take part in the Crow Fair Parade.

1941 22/72 318(VI):177 Early sun dance lodge construction, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] At this point the sundance lodge is almost up. They are putting up the rafter poles of which there are 12, to represent the 12 new moons of the year.

1941 23/1 318(VI):178 Structure of sun dance lodge, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/2 318(VI):179 Distant view of empty sun dance lodge, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Distant view of the Sundance lodge shortly after the dance is over.

1941 23/3 318(VI):180 Distant view of occupied sun dance lodge, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] This picture looks like it was taken on the "painting day" which is the most important day of the dance.

1941 23/4 318(VI):181 Very distant view of sun dance lodge, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/5 318(VI):182 Dancers sitting around tree singing sacred songs during sunrise ceremony, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Sunrise Ceremony. At sunrise every morning of the dance, the dancers wake just before the sun rises and they greet it as it comes up. Then they sit down and sing four sacred songs that can never be changed. These songs were given to the people by a buffalo bull.

1941 23/6 318(VI):183 Dancers seated around center pole

[From Aaron Brien] Sunrise Ceremony.

undated 23/7 318(VI):184 Dancers seated around center pole

[From Aaron Brien] Sunrise Ceremony.

undated 23/8 318(VI):185 Crow sun dance, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/9 318(VI):186 Crow sun dance, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/10 318(VI):187 Curing at Crow sun dance, Crow Agency

[From Aaron Brien] Doctoring day at Crow Agency sundance. This is done on the second day and the public is welcome to come and get prayed for.

August 1941 23/11 318(VI):188 Curing at sun dance

[From Aaron Brien] Doctoring day at Crow Agency sundance.

August 1941 23/12 318(VI):189 Crow sun dancers dancing to and from center pole, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Dancing to the pole.

1941 23/13 318(VI):190 Dancers dancing to and from center pole

[From Aaron Brien] Dancing to the pole.

undated 23/14 318(VI):191 Dancers dancing to and from center pole

[From Aaron Brien] Dancing to the pole.

undated 23/15 318(VI):192 Dancers near center pole

[From Aaron Brien] Dancing to the pole.

undated 23/16 318(VI):193 John Truhujo doctoring Charlie Horse at sun dance, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/17 318(VI):194 John Truhujo doctoring Charlie Horse at sun dance, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/18 318(VI):195 John Truhujo doctoring Charlie Horse at sun dance, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/19 318(VI):196 Man watches as John Truhujo doctors Charlie Horse at sun dance, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/20 318(VI):197 John Truhujo doctoring Charlie Horse at sun dance, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/21 318(VI):198 John Truhujo doctoring Charlie Horse at sun dance, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/22 318(VI):199 John Truhujo doctoring Charlie Horse at sun dance, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/23 318(VI):200 John Truhujo doctoring, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/24 318(VI):201 John Truhujo in prayerful attitude after doctoring, Pryor, Montana 1941 23/25 318(VI):202 Man and child at center pole in sun dance, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/26 318(VI):203 John Truhujo doctoring old men, Pryor, Montana 1941 23/27 318(VI):204 Old men at center pole, Pryor, Montana 1941 23/28 318(VI):205 Truhujo, woman, and other, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/29 318(VI):206 Truhujo doctoring old men, Pryor, Montana 1941 23/30 318(VI):207 Truhujo doctoring child at Crow sun dance 1941 23/31 318(VI):208 People moving toward sun dance lodge

[From Aaron Brien] I feel it is important to note that the Sundance is a public event and it is not uncommon for people to be spectating solely for the sake of watching.

undated 23/32 318(VI):209 Photo focused on male clothing at sun dance, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] In this picture you can see the dancers sundance necklace. This is the dancers individual medicine "power." Many dancers wear them on the "medicine day."

1941 23/33 318(VI):210 Two men at center pole in sun dance, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/34 318(VI):211 Crowd at Crow sun dance

[From Aaron Brien] The reason for the big crowd at the entrance of the lodge is, this was the first sundance ever held at the agency of the reservation.

1941 23/35 318(VI):212 Tom Compton, Wind River Shoshoni, strengthening dancers, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/36 318(VI):213 Tom Compton, Wind River Shoshoni, strengthening dancers, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Tom Compton never did run a sundance on the Crow Reservation until 1942 and more than likely it was among the Pryor people. So the date on the description cannot be right.

1941 23/37 318(VI):214 Crow sun dance, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Truhujo praying for people, Crow Agency.

August 1941 23/38 318(VI):215 Crow sun dance, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Second Day of the Crow Agency sundance. On this day the public is welcome to come in and have the blessings of the lodge and the prayers of the sundance chief.

1941 23/39 318(VI):216 Crow sun dancers, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/40 318(VI):217 Crow sun dancers, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/41 318(VI):218 Crow sun dancers, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/42 318(VI):219 Crow sun dancers, Crow Agency, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Dancers being doctored.

1941 23/43 318(VI):220 Crow sun dance spectators, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/44 318(VI):221 Dancers and others gathered before center pole undated 23/45 318(VI):222 Pete Lefthand on hill overlooking Crow encampment near Lodge Grass, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Pete Left Hand overlooking sundance camp in Pryor, Montana.

June 18-24, 1941 23/46 318(VI):223 Pete Lefthand standing with Campbell Big Hail, Pryor, Montana 1941 23/47 318(VI):224 Pete Lefthand standing with Campbell Big Hail, Pryor, Montana 1941 23/48 318(VI):225 John Truhujo conferring with Crow coup strikers at sun dance, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/49 318(VI):226 Charlie Tenbear armed with coupstick for striking coup on the sun dance timbers, Crow Agency, Montana 1941 23/50 318(VI):227 Sun dance sweat lodge

[From Aaron Brien] Sundancers in shade. This is not a sweat lodge. This is just inside of the Sundance lodge and the sheets or blankets are up for shade during times of rest.

undated 23/51 318(VI):228 Resting after sunrise greeting, Shoshoni drum in foreground, Pryor, Montana 1941 23/52 318(VI):229 Blurred photo of sun dance, possibly sunrise ceremony undated 23/53 318(VI):230 Jack Covers-up

[From Aaron Brien] Jack Covers up was a well-known Akbaaalahooniliia "One who talks load at groups" or "Camp Crier". He was from the Lodge Grass District.

undated 23/54 318(VI):231 Jack Covers-up and Little Nest at sun dance, Pryor, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Jack Covers up (Lodge Grass) and Little Nest (Wyola), at Pryor sundance.

June 1941 23/55 318(VI):232 Jack Covers-up (Lodge Grass) and Little Nest (Wyola) speaking with sign language (Little Nest is deaf) at sun dance, Pryor, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Jack Covers up (Lodge Grass) and Little Nest (Wyola), at Pryor sundance.

June 1941 23/56 318(VI):233 Jack Covers-up and Little Nest speaking sign language, Pryor, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Jack Covers up (Lodge Grass) and Little Nest (Wyola), at Pryor sundance.

June 1941 23/57 318(VI):234 Little Nest posing, Pryor, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Little Nest was the owner of a very well respected Rock Medicine Bundle. Known as "Iise-shoobaa" or "Four Faces". Now owned by his grandson Marvin Stewart.

1941 23/58 318(VI):235 Little Nest smoking to the sun before breakfast, Pryor, Montana 1941 23/59 318(VI):236 Little Nest smoking to the sun before breakfast, Pryor, Montana 1941 23/60 318(VI):237 Tobacco Lodge, Little Nest (L) smoking pipe

[From Aaron Brien] Tobacco Adoption Lodge "Ashchitchee". The Tobacco Society is a group of people whose job is to plant tobacco as a part of the revitalization of the Apsaalooke. One must be adopted into this society.

undated 23/61 318(VI):238 Tobacco lodge

[From Aaron Brien] Tobacco Society Adoption Lodge "Ashchitchee". Inside view. From looking at this image it appears that the woman is being adopted into Baasshussuua "Tobacco Society". Baasshussheelaakbisuua "Tobacco Dance Adoption."

1939 23/62 318(VI):239 Tobacco lodge

[From Aaron Brien] Tobacco Society Adoption Lodge "Ashchitchee". Inside view.

1939 23/63 318(VI):240 Tobacco lodge

[From Aaron Brien] Tobacco Society Adoption Lodge "Ashchitchee". Inside view.

1939 23/64 318(VI):241 Tobacco lodge

[From Aaron Brien] Tobacco Society Adoption Lodge "Ashchitchee". Inside view.

1939 23/65 318(VI):242 Tobacco lodge

[From Aaron Brien] Tobacco Society Adoption Lodge "Ashchitchee". Inside view. Second lady from left looks like Mabel Pretty on Top.

1939 23/66 318(VI):243 Hand game 1940 23/67 318(VI):244 Hand game, White Arm in center turned right, Lodge Grass, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Visiting White Arm.

1940 23/68 318(VI):245 Hand game, White Arm in center facing forward, Lodge Grass, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Visiting White Arm.

1940 23/69 318(VI):246 Hand game, White Arm in center, Lodge Grass, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] White Arm and Blake Whiteman to his right. Blake Whiteman was sometimes called Blake Packs the Hat.

1940 23/70 318(VI):247 White Arm, Lodge Grass, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] White Arm, Lodge Grass, Montana. Lodge Grass named a park after him. "White Arm Park"

1940 23/71 318(VI):248 Hand game, White Arm in center, Lodge Grass, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] White Arm playing hand game.

1940 23/72 318(VI):249 Hand game, Lodge Grass, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] White Arm and Jack Covers up to his far left.

1940 23/73 318(VI):250 Hand game, Pryor, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Hand Game, Jack Covers Up. Jack Covers Up is sitting on the far left of the photo.

1941 23/74 318(VI):251 Hand game, Pryor, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Hand Gamers posing.

1941 23/75 318(VI):252 Hand game participants

[From Aaron Brien] Singers after hand game, 1941. More than likely they are singing a victory song after winning the hand game.

undated 23/76 318(VI):253 Crow dancers, Pryor, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Apsaalooke Hot Dancers.

1941 23/77 318(VI):254 Crow fair, dancing fraternity and hand games, Pryor

[From Aaron Brien] Apsaalooke Hot Dancers and Drum Group.

1941 23/78 318(VI):255 Line of Crow dancers and small circle of men playing hand game, Pryor, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Apsaalooke Dancers waiting for the next song, with singers in foreground.

1941 23/79 318(VI):256 Dancers undated 23/80 318(VI):257 Honor dance and hand game, Pryor, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Honor Dance following the Pryor sundance of William Big Day.

1941 24/1 318(VI):258 Dancers and hand game participants

[From Archives] Crow sundance. Start of dance around camp prior to give away dance ending the festivities. [From Aaron Brien] Start of Honor dance around camp prior to the "Give away." Pryor, Montana.

June 17-20, 1941 24/2 318(VI):259 Eddie Roundface signals a right hand call in a hand game, Frank Hawk leaning over, Pryor, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Eddie Round Face and Frank Hawk playing hand game. Eddie Round Face Guesses to the right and Frank Hawk is leaning over.

1941 24/3 318(VI):260 Pete Lefthand with his son, Anthony

[From Aaron Brien] Pete Left Hand with his child Anthony Left Hand.

June 1941 24/4 318(VI):261 Unknown man

[From Aaron Brien] Unknown Apsaalooke man, wearing a "Reservation Hat" which was the style during the early 1900's.

undated 24/5 318(VI):262 Three unknown men mostly in traditional dress

[From Aaron Brien] Three unknown men. Do not appear to be Apsaalooke.

undated 24/6 318(VI):263 Sheridan, Wyoming rodeo parade

[From Aaron Brien] Sheridan Indian Days Parade.

July 1941 24/7 318(VI):264 Sheridan, Wyoming rodeo parade

[From Aaron Brien] Sheridan Indian Days Parade. Looks like Donnie Deer Nose.

July 1941 24/8 318(VI):265 Cheyenne Indians in Sheridan, Wyoming rodeo parade

[From Aaron Brien] Cheyenne Indians in Sheridan Indian Days Parade. Sheridan Wyoming.

July 1941 24/9 318(VI):266 Sheridan, Wyoming rodeo parade

[From Aaron Brien] Sheridan Indian Days Parade.

July 1941 24/10 318(VI):267 Sheridan, Wyoming rodeo parade

[From Aaron Brien] Sheridan Indian Days Parade.

July 1941 24/11 318(VI):268 Sheridan, Wyoming rodeo parade

[From Aaron Brien] Donnie Deer Nose, Col Tim McCoy and Supt, Robert Yellowtail. Sheridan Indian Days Parade.

July 1941 24/12 318(VI):269 Parade float

[From Aaron Brien] Sheridan Indian Days Parade.

July 1941 24/13 318(VI):270 American Indian Days, Sheridan, Wyoming or Billings, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Three Apsaalooke people on horseback near camp. The one on the far right looks like Amy or Agnes Yellow Tail. Also it appears to be at Crow Fair in Crow Agency, Montana.

1940 24/14 318(VI):271  Voget's naming, St. Xavier, Montana undated 24/15 318(VI):272 Katie Bear Below undated 24/16 318(VI):273 Crow feast circa 1939-1940 24/17 318(VI):274 Crow feast circa 1939-1940 24/18 318(VI):275 Group enjoying outdoor meal, Lodge Grass, Montana circa 1939-1940 24/19 318(VI):276 Cars and people, Lodge Grass, Montana circa 1939-1940 24/20 318(VI):277 Unknown man giving away a horse

[From Aaron Brien] There are two copies of this photograph in the folder. One is labeled 'Jack Covers-up, herald, announcing gift of horses during giveaway.' The other is labeled 'Pete Lefthand giving away a horse,' but in 2015 Fred Lefthand stated this is not an image of his father, Pete Lefthand.

circa 1939-1940 24/21 318(VI):278 Women sporting goods for giveaway, Lodge Grass, Montana circa 1940 24/22 318(VI):279 War lodge reconstructed

[From Aaron Brien] War lodge (Ashdaache) Reconstruction. Ashdaache "the lodge that leans." These are where warriors would stay during long extended war parties and raids.

circa 1939-1940 24/23 318(VI):280 Post office, Pryor, Montana circa 1940s 24/24 318(VI):281 Hand game, Pryor, Montana circa 1939-1940 24/25 318(VI):282 Hand game, Pryor, Montana circa 1939-1940 24/26 318(VI):283 Hand game, Pryor, Montana circa 1939-1940 24/27 318(VI):284 Hand game, Pryor, Montana circa 1939-1940 24/28 318(VI):285 Crowd watching hand game 1939 24/29 318(VI):286 Summer shelter put up at Pryor, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Sweat lodge.

1939 24/30 318(VI):287 Crow sun dance

[From Aaron Brien] Apsaalooke Sundancer praying at the center pole.

September 1948 24/31 318(VI):288 Joe Hill curing

[From Aaron Brien] Joe Hill, the conductor of the sundance, doctoring a woman.

September 1948 24/32 318(VI):289 Jo Hill curing September 1948 24/33 318(VI):290 At Crow sun dance

[From Aaron Brien] Joe Hill using an eagle bone whistle to "suck" the sickness out of woman.

September 1948 24/34 318(VI):291 Shoshoni in street clothes at center pole, Washikie, WY 1948 24/35 318(VI):292 Early stage in lodge construction, Washakie, WY 1948 24/36 318(VI):293 Middle stage of lodge construction, Washakie, WY 1948 24/37 318(VI):294 Constructing Shoshoni sun dance area, Washakie, WY

[From Aaron Brien] Early medicine day of the sundance. Fort Washakie. On this day helpers come inside the lodge to put up what people call "stalls" and these are starting gate like door ways that each dancer stands in while dancing. Used to help keep you up during long day ahead.

August 1948 24/38 318(VI):295 Shoshoni sun dance lodge, seated people, Washakie, WY 1948 24/39 318(VI):296 View of sun dance lodge with drum in foreground and dancers in background, Washakie, WY

[From Aaron Brien] Sundance chief praying at the center pole. Fort Washakie, Wyoming.

1948 24/40 318(VI):297 Shoshoni drum, Washakie, WY

[From Aaron Brien] Warming up the drum. Fort Washakie Wyoming. The drum is commonly made from the hide of a elk, buffalo, or even cattle. This hide absorbs moisture very well, in doing so they lose their sound. This the reason they set the drum in the sun for long periods of time, to regain the sound.

1948 24/41 318(VI):298 Drum in sun dance lodge

[From Aaron Brien] Down time in the lodge, with drum in foreground

undated 24/42 318(VI):299 Shoshoni dancers gathered around fire after sunrise greeting, Washakie, WY 1948 24/43 318(VI):300 Shoshoni dancers gathered around consecrated fire, Washakie, WY

[From Aaron Brien] Sunrise Ceremony. Fort Washakie, Wyoming.

August 1948 24/44 318(VI):301 Shoshoni dancers seated with blankets over shoulders, gathered around consecrated fire, Washakie, WY

[From Aaron Brien] Sunrise Ceremony. Fort Washakie, Wyoming.

August 1948 24/45 318(VI):302 Shoshoni dancers pray to sun at sunrise, Washakie, WY

[From Aaron Brien] Dancing the sun up, Fort Washakie Wyoming. This is the first step in the sunrise ceremony. Dancers are seated after the sun is completely up.

August 1948 24/46 318(VI):303 Shoshoni sun dance, Washakie, WY 1948 24/47 318(VI):304 Shoshoni dancer at center pole, Washakie, WY 1948 24/48 318(VI):305 Shoshoni dancer with woman and children at center pole, Washakie, WY

[From Aaron Brien] Woman and children getting prayed for at center pole. Fort Washakie.

August 1948 24/49 318(VI):306 Shoshoni dancers and others at center pole, Washakie, WY 1948 24/50 318(VI):307 Shoshoni dancers with woman and other dancers at center pole, Washakie, WY 1948 24/51 318(VI):308 Shoshoni leaving sun dance area, Washakie, WY 1948 24/52 318(VI):309 Shoshoni dancers gathered, Washakie, WY 1948 24/53 318(VI):310 Distant view of Shoshoni sun dance lodge, Washakie, WY 1948 24/54 318(VI):311 Shoshoni dancers, Washakie, WY

[From Aaron Brien] Dancers being doctored at Waskakie sundance. The man leaning over is more than likely using an eagle wing fan to touch the dancers and give them strength.

August 1948 24/55 318(VI):312 Unidentified man, Washakie, WY 1948 24/56 318(VI):313 Lynn St. Clair, Washakie, WY 1948 24/57 318(VI):314 Tony Lajeunesse, Washakie, WY 1948 24/58 318(VI):315 Two unidentified men, Washakie, WY 1948 24/59 318(VI):316 Al Childs, Crow

[From Aaron Brien] Al Child in the mouth.

undated 24/60 318(VI):317 Paternal clansmen praying for dancers at end of sun dance, Lodge Grass, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Clan Fathers and Mothers praying for dancers at the end of the dance.

1975 24/61 318(VI):318 James Bear Below (r) and Ira Lefthand (l) at snack bar at sun dance, Lodge Grass, Montana 1975 24/62 318(VI):319 William Yellow Robe, Assiniboine, first recipient of Peter Lefthand Award 1986 24/63 318(VI):320 Feasting at sun dance giveaway, Melvin Lefthand, wife Gladys, and daughter 1987 24/64 318(VI):321 Sun dance giveaway 1987 24/65 318(VI):322 Hugh Little Owl, Ira and Melvin Left Hand, Clifford Whiteman, and Calvin Jefferson at giveaway following sun dance near Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/66 318(VI):323 Robert Yellowtail (L) and Tom Yellowtail (R) at sun dance giveaway

[From Aaron Brien] Robert Yellow Tail (Summer) and Tom Yellow Tail (Medicine Rock Chief) at sundance Give Away. Lodge Grass.

June 1987 24/67 318(VI):324 Heather and Fredrica Lefthand 1987 24/68 318(VI):325 Heather, Frederick, and Fredrica Lefthand 1987 24/69 318(VI):326 Fredrica at age 16, junior in high school undated 24/70 318(VI):327 Fredrica Lefthand being crowned 1991-1992 Montana State University PowWow Princess 1991 24/71 318(VI):328 Tshirgi cattle driven down through Frederick's place 1986 24/72 318(VI):329 Feast for clan uncle by Agnes, wife of Anthony Lefthand 1987 24/73 318(VI):330 Feast for clan uncle by Agnes, wife of Anthony Lefthand 1987 24/74 318(VI):331 Crowd at feast for clan uncle by Agnes, wife of Anthony Lefthand 1987 24/75 318(VI):332 Returning to clan uncle feast after putting out fire set by young boys with firecrackers, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/76 318(VI):333 Unidentified group eating, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/77 318(VI):334 Grandchildren of Annie Bear Below

[From Aaron Brien] Grandchildren of Annie Bear Below?

undated 24/78 318(VI):335 Modern Crow cradleboard, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/79 318(VI):336 Waiting for a turn at the giveaway, Frederick and Ira Lefthand in the middle 1987 24/80 318(VI):337 Frederick seated with a picture of his father above

[From Aaron Brien] Frederick Left Hand with a picture of his Father (Pete Lefthand) above.

1987 24/81 318(VI):338 Dexter Falls, Down and his wife

[From Aaron Brien] Dexter Falls Down and Magdaline Little Nest.

1986 24/82 318(VI):339 Dexter Falls Down Family, Crow 1986 24/83 318(VI):340 Anthony, Agnes, and family at the district arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/84 318(VI):341 District championship arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] District Championship Arrow Throwing. Lodge Grass, Montana.

June 1987 24/85 318(VI):342 Action at district arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/86 318(VI):343 District arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/87 318(VI):344 District arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/88 318(VI):345 District arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/89 318(VI):346 District arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/90 318(VI):347 View of arrows thrown at district arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/91 318(VI):348 View of arrows thrown at district arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/92 318(VI):349 Boy holding arrows at district arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Looks like Dean Don’t Mix.

1987 24/93 318(VI):350 Frederick Lefthand and Ralph Good Luck with drumstick

[From Aaron Brien] Ralph Good Luck (Duuptakaish Chiwaakuush, High Bald Eagle) and Fredrick Left Hand (Seizes the Living Bison Bull).

June 1987 24/94 318(VI):351 A future arrow thrower at junior arrow throw competition, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/95 318(VI):352 Spectators at district arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/96 318(VI):353 Group photo at district arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Lodge Grass District champion arrow throwing.

June 1987 24/97 318(VI):354 District team tents at district arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/98 318(VI):355 Setting up goal for district arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/99 318(VI):356 District arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/100 318(VI):357 District arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/101 318(VI):358 Contestants getting ready at district arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/102 318(VI):359 District arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/103 318(VI):360 Pryor district tent at district arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/104 318(VI):361 Frederick Lefthand at district arrow throw

[From Aaron Brien] Frederick Left Hand (Seizes the Living Bison Bull), Arrow Throwing tourney. Lodge Grass, Montana.

1987 24/105 318(VI):362 Judge's stand at district arrow throw, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/106 318(VI):363 Seeing who won at district arrow toss, Lodge Grass, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] This last throw was to see who won the District arrow throwing.

June 1987 24/107 318(VI):364 Cottonwood trees along Little Big Horn near Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 24/108 318(VI):365 Location where peyotists get sand for altar, north of Lodge Grass, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Puuxkalachiliá Alasáthe (Sand Creek). Some peyote church members come here to get sand for their alters. North of Lodge Grass, Montana.

1987 24/109 318(VI):366 Jim Old Crow and others at Lodge Grass camp undated 24/110 318(VI):367 Catholic Church, Lodge Grass, Montana undated 24/111 318(VI):368 Church of Latter Day Saints undated 25/1 318(VI):369 Catholic Church

[From Aaron Brien] Our Lady of Loretto Catholic Church, Lodge Grass, Montana.

undated 25/2 318(VI):370 Sign advertising sun dance 1987 25/3 318(VI):371 View of sun dance camp at Pryor, Montana 1986 25/4 318(VI):372 Sun dance at Pryor, Montana 1986 25/5 318(VI):373 Frederick Lefthand at sun dance, Pryor, Montana

[From Aaron Brien] Fredrick Lefthand (Seizes the Living Bison Bull) at Pryor sundance. Pryor, Montana.

July 1986 25/6 318(VI):374 Ira Lefthand at sign advertising Sioux "cutting" sun dance

[From Aaron Brien] Ira Lefthand's Crow name was" Chief Lazy." This name his dad Pete purchased from Dick Day Light.

1987 25/7 Some negative strips from sun dance giveaway and district arrow throw 1987 25/8 Negatives from district arrow throw photos, Lodge Grass, Montana 1987 25/9 318(VI):375 Robert Yellowtail in traditional dress

[From Aaron Brien] Robert YellowTail (Biawakshash, summer)

undated 25/10 318(VI):376 Yellowtail Dam, Montana July 18, 1987 25/11 318(VI):377 Landscape with low hills in background 1940 25/12 318(VI):378 Teepee in far background 1940 25/13 318(VI):379 IXL Ranch, Tongue River Canyon, WY 1940 25/14 318(VI):380 Unknown landscape 1940 25/15 318(VI):381 Unknown landscape

[From Aaron Brien] Baahupuuo, shoot the rock. Commonly known as Castle rocks. These rocks are known to be the home of the "Little People." The story of the "Lost Boy and the Little People" explains this.

1940 25/16 318(VI):382 Line of people and cars in distant background undated 25/17 318(VI):383 Line of people and cars in distant background undated 25/18 318(VI):384 Unknown landscape featuring a lake undated 25/19 318(VI):385 Unknown landscape 1940 25/20 318(VI):386 Look-out type view of unknown landscape undated 25/21 318(VI):387 View of down slope 1940 25/22 318(VI):388 Cottonwood trees

[From Aaron Brien] Two non-Indian children in grove of cottonwood trees.

1940 25/23 318(VI):389 View of semi-forested slopes 1940 25/24 318(VI):390 View of small hills above pasture

[From Aaron Brien] View of the Castle rocks. Pryor, Montana.

1940 25/25 318(VI):391 Cottonwood trees 1940 25/26 318(VI):392 Cottonwood treetops 1940 25/27 318(VI):393 Distant view of vehicle on dirt road 1940 25/28 318(VI):394 Cattle in rough pasture with mountains in background

[From Aaron Brien] Horse on rough pasture. Looks like the southern side of the Pryor Mountains.

1940 25/29 318(VI):395 Unknown landscape 1940 25/30 318(VI):396 Unknown landscape with sagebrush 1940 25/31 318(VI):397 Road through small trees and brush 1940 25/32 318(VI):398 Landscape 1940 25/33 318(VI):399 Landscape 1940 25/34 318(VI):400 Horse and barns undated 25/35 318(VI):401 House among trees undated 25/36 318(VI):402 Rock canyon undated 25/37 318(VI):403 Possible old fire pit 1940 25/38 318(VI):404 Possible old fire pit 1940 25/39 318(VI):405 Six unknown people at table undated 25/40 318(VI):406 Man, woman, and children 1940 25/41 318(VI):407 Lodge Grass grade school staff (includes Fred Voget) circa 1940-1941 25/42 318(VI):408 Unidentified man and woman, Boulder, Montana 1942 25/43 318(VI):409 Man standing by remnants of teepee ring undated 25/44 318(VI):410 Man sitting by pile of stones undated 25/45 318(VI):411 Man standing on pile of stones undated 25/46 318(VI):412 Man in distance undated 25/47 318(VI):413 Bowl undated 25/48 318(VI):414 Top view of bowl undated 25/49 318(VI):415 Bowl undated 25/50 318(VI):416 Bone and bead display undated 25/51 318(VI):417 Arrowheads undated 25/52 318(VI):418 Arrowheads undated 25/53 318(VI):419 Arrowheads undated 25/54 318(VI):420 Arrow or spear heads undated 25/55 318(VI):421 Arrow or spear heads undated 25/56 318(VI):422 Arrow or spear heads undated 25/57 318(VI):423 Arrow or spear heads undated 25/58 318(VI):424 Arrow or spear heads undated 25/59 318(VI):425 Arrow or spear heads undated 25/60 318(VI):426 Arrow or spear heads undated 25/61 318(VI):427 Arrow or spear heads undated 25/62 318(VI):428 Grinding stone undated 25/63 318(VI):429 Ax heads undated 25/64 318(VI):430 Ax heads undated 25/65 318(VI):431 Ax head undated 25/66 318(VI):432 Stone artifacts undated 25/67 318(VI):433 Stone artifacts undated 25/68 318(VI):434 Saddle undated 25/69 318(VI):435 Saddle

[From Aaron Brien] Indian saddle from top view.

undated 25/70 318(VI):436 Stones with carved dates and locations undated 25/71 318(VI):437 Bowl and possible jewelry undated 25/72 318(VI):438 Beaded tomahawk pendant undated 25/73 318(VI):439 Beaded tomahawk pendant undated 25/74 318(VI):440 Decorated and woven hide

[From Aaron Brien] Painted raw parfleche.

undated 25/75 318(VI):441 Constructing sun dance lodge

[From Aaron Brien] Inside view of sundance lodge. From what I see it looks like the last major event to happen in the sundance. When a dancer ask someone to come in the lodge and pray from them just before everyone walks out together.

undated 25/76 318(VI):442 People outside of sun dance lodge undated 25/77 318(VI):443 Horse in foreground, crowd gathered for sun dance undated 25/78 318(VI):444 Seated and walking groups undated 25/79 318(VI):445 Children observing adult conversations

[From Aaron Brien] Give Away Ceremony, children in the foreground.

undated 25/80 318(VI):446 Men at center pole in sun dance lodge

[From Aaron Brien] Men praying at the Center Pole.

undated 25/81 318(VI):447 Men at center pole in sun dance lodge

[From Aaron Brien] Men praying at the Center Pole.

undated 25/82 318(VI):448 Men at center pole in sun dance lodge

[From Aaron Brien] Men dancing in lodge.

undated 25/83 318(VI):449 Two men at center pole in sun dance lodge

[From Aaron Brien] Old woman being doctored at the center pole.

undated 25/84 318(VI):450 Men at center pole in sun dance lodge

[From Aaron Brien] Men praying at the Center Pole. It is common for sundancers to pray while standing at the center pole. They pray to the creator for strength and also the for the reason they have decided to dance in the lodge.

undated 25/85 318(VI):451 Men at center pole in sun dance lodge

[From Aaron Brien] Men dancing in the lodge.

undated 25/86 318(VI):452 Full view of center pole in sun dance lodge

[From Aaron Brien] Men focused on the Center Pole while dancing. Many sundancers among the Apsaalooke are told "the Center Pole is everything you want in life, stay focused and always push through and you'll get it."

undated 25/87 318(VI):453 Men looking up at center pole in sun dance lodge

[From Aaron Brien] Men focused on the Center Pole while dancing.

undated 25/88 318(VI):454 Men at center pole in sun dance lodge undated 25/89 318(VI):455 Men at center pole in sun dance lodge

[From Aaron Brien] Dancing to the pole.

undated 26/1 318(VI):456 Caughnawaga men, mostly steelworkers home for the weekend undated 26/2 318(VI):457 Two men standing outside of Chief Poking Fire Indian Museum, Caughnawaga, Quebec, Ontaria 1950 26/3 318(VI):458 Chief Poking Fire compound, Caughnawaga, Quebec, Ontario 1950 26/4 318(VI):459 Chief Poking Fire Museum, Caughnawaga, Quebec, Ontario 1950 26/5 318(VI):460 Entrance of Chief Poking Fire Museum, Caughnawaga, Quebec, Ontario undated 26/6 318(VI):461 Two-story house, Six Nations undated 26/7 318(VI):462 Min Jamieson with Chow dogs, Six Nations undated 26/8 318(VI):463 Min Jamieson in Indian dress circa 1963 26/9 318(VI):464 George Jamieson, Barbara, and Dave Moses, Six Nations undated 26/10 318(VI):465 Jo Martin, his wife Maggie, and nephew at Caughnawaga home 1967 26/11 318(VI):466 Jo Martin in front of Caughnawaga long home undated 26/12 318(VI):467 Mohawk school, Six Nations, Oshweken, Ontario undated 26/13 318(VI):468 Crypt of Joseph Brant near Brantford, Ontario undated 26/14 318(VI):469 Grandchildren of Chief Deskahe circa 1963 26/15 318(VI):470 Children of Dave and Barbara Moses, Six Nations circa 1962 26/16 318(VI):471 Church where 1703 Queen Anne's plate is held, Six Nations, near Brandford, Ontario circa 1962 26/17 318(VI):472 Church where 1703 Queen Anne's plate is held, Six Nations, near Brandford, Ontario circa 1962 26/18 318(VI):473 Old barn and wagon, Six Nations, Oshweken, Ontario undated 26/19 318(VI):474 Nellie Scott, Arapahoe, with two dogs undated 26/20 318(VI):475 Elk trained by Nellie Scott, Arapahoe undated 26/21 318(VI):476 Nellie Scott, Arapahoe, in traditional dress 1948 26/22 318(VI):477 Nellie Scott (L) in traditional dress standing with unidentified woman undated 26/23 318(VI):478 Hungerian Imre Nag in Cheyenne Indian attire with son, David, 6 years old 1987 26/24 318(VI):479 Group of Hungerian Plains Indians, Imre Nag (center) conducting marriage ceremony 1983 26/25 318(VI):480 Photo of war lodge drawing

[From Aaron Brien] Photo of a War lodge (Ashdaache) drawing. In the Apsaalooke language the word Ashdaache means "the lodge that leans."

undated 26/26 318(VI):481 Photo of picture of defensive rifle pit undated 26/27 318(VI):482 Unidentified crowd of people in front of church circa 1950s 26/28 318(VI):483 Custer, two other white hunters, and Indian with grizzly bear carcass

[From Aaron Brien] Bloody Knife, General Custer and William Ludlow (far right) kill grizzly bear. Black Hills.

1874 26/29 318(VI):484 White Arm's camp at Sheridan, Colorado Historical Society photo

[From Aaron Brien] Apsaalooke Camp. This looks like a postcard of an early crow fair.

undated 26/30 318(VI):485 Postcard title "Crow Indian Village"

[From Aaron Brien] Post card of Ashdaache (War Lodge).

October 16, 1941 26/31 318(VI):486 Postcard of war lodge undated 26/32 318(VI):487 Postcard of Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill from photo originally taken in 1885 undated 26/33 318(VI):488 Postcard of Medicine Crow from photo originally taken in 1880

[From Aaron Brien] Medicine Crow (Paalatchiwaaxpaash or Sacred Raven.) War leader and Chief of the Kicked in the Belly Band of Apsaalooke.

undated 26/34 318(VI):489 Postcard of Swallow Bird, an Apsaroke Crow, from photo originally taken in 1908 undated 26/35 318(VI):490 Postcard of Crowchild, Shiptella, from photo originally taken in 1900 undated 26/36 318(VI):491 Postcard titled "How Custer Fell"

[From Aaron Brien] White Man Runs Him, Hairy Moccasin, Curly and Goes Ahead. Apsaalooke Scouts stand near the place of Custer's death.

1913 26/37 318(VI):492 Postcard of Sitting Bull from photo originally taken in 1864 undated 26/38 318(VI):493 Card of "Lone Tree," an Apsaroke Crow from photo originally taken in 1908

[From Aaron Brien] Post Card of "Long Tree," an Apsaalooke man.

undated 26/39 318(VI):494 Postcard of Edward Sheriff Curtis from photo taken in 1899 undated 26/40 318(VI):495 Postcard of Native American woman undated 26/41 318(VI):496 Postcard titled "The Circle" undated 26/42 318(VI):497 Postcard titled "Kilauea by Day" undated 26/43 318(VI):498 Postcard titled "Respect for Elders" undated 26/44 318(VI):499 Postcard of wagon train on rocky mountain road undated 26/45 318(VI):500 Postcard of Crow Indians posed in traditional dress undated 26/46 318(VI):501 Postcard of Crow Indian wearing traditional dress, mounted on horse undated 26/47 318(VI):502 Postcard of teepee undated 26/48 318(VI):503 Cartoon-style postcard titled "Out Where the West Remains" undated 26/49 318(VI):504 Postcard of bison, brown and white undated 26/50 318(VI):505 Postcard titled "Southern Peaks of Presidential Range from Mt. Washington undated 26/51 318(VI):506 Postcard of "Crow Indians Firing into the Agency" by Frederic Remington undated 26/52 318(VI):507 Postcard of "Geronimo and his Band Returning from a Raid in Mexico," by Frederic Remington undated 26/53 318(VI):508 Postcard of "Suspicious Guests" drawn by Henry F. Farny undated 26/54 318(VI):509 Postcard of Crow Fair 1989 26/55 318(VI):510 German postcard of possible native head dress undated 26/56 318(VI):511 German postcard of brightly colored native artifact undated 26/57 318(VI):512 Postcard of two present day soldiers' bronze statues undated 26/58 318(VI):513 Crow butchering buffalo, negative only circa 1970s 26/59 318(VI):514 Two unidentified boys on horseback undated 26/59 318(VI):515 Bobby Bends and Joe Medicine Crow unloading a truck undated 26/59 318(VI):516 Lizzie Yellowtail and others sitting outside undated 26/59 318(VI):517 Women and children sitting outside undated 26/59 318(VI):518 Man and four children outside by fence undated 26/59 318(VI):519 Man leaning on fence undated 26/59 318(VI):520 House or cabin with clothesline in foreground undated 26/59 318(VI):521 Donnie Deernose, Agnes Yellowtail, and their adopted son, Duane Bends circa 1950s 26/59 318(VI):522 Lodge Grass, Montana street with Baptist Church in background undated 26/59 318(VI):523 View of mountain peaks with snow undated 26/59 318(VI):524 View of building undated 26/59 318(VI):525 View of house in trees with car passing undated 26/59 318(VI):526 View of building undated 26/59 318(VI):527 View of urban house in trees undated 26/59 318(VI):528 View of building undated 26/59 318(VI):529 Man and woman seated on sofa undated 26/59 318(VI):530 Cedric Walks Over Ice and boy standing outside undated 26/59 318(VI):531 Man seated in armchair undated 26/59 318(VI):532 View of church undated 26/59 318(VI):533 Religious painting with priest on left undated 26/60 318(VI):534 Man in shadow, house in background undated 26/60 318(VI):535 Man in shadow, house in background undated 26/60 318(VI):536 Man in shadow, house in background undated 26/60 318(VI):537 Chokecherries drying undated 26/60 318(VI):538 Unloading buffalo from stock trucks circa 1973 26/60 318(VI):539 Kitchen crew in buffalo pasture circa 1973 26/60 318(VI):540 People by tents undated 26/60 318(VI):541 Vehicles in deep shadow undated 26/60 318(VI):542 Marshall, Melvin, Frederick, and Anthony Left Hand standing by truck with Everett Whiteman undated 26/60 318(VI):543 View of houses from hill undated 26/60 318(VI):544 View of houses from hill undated 26/60 318(VI):545 Distant view of man herding small number of cattle undated 26/60 318(VI):546 Black Canyon Youth Camp undated 26/60 318(VI):547 Black Canyon Youth Camp undated 26/60 318(VI):548 Black Canyon Youth Camp undated 26/60 318(VI):549 Peter Plenty Hawk standing by truck undated 26/60 318(VI):550 Clothesline with unidentified objects in front of house undated 26/60 318(VI):551 Partially constructed sun dance lodge undated 26/60 318(VI):552 Tarp/covered pile in fenced enclosure undated 26/60 318(VI):553 Lodge Grass High School undated 26/61 318(VI):554 Older man and woman, both with braids, in front of house undated 26/61 318(VI):555 Older man and woman, both with braids, in front of house undated 26/61 318(VI):556 Older man with braids, seated undated 26/61 318(VI):557 Overexposed photo of man and woman in front of house undated 26/61 318(VI):558 Two men seated on bench undated 26/61 318(VI):559 Woman typing undated 26/61 318(VI):560 Woman typing undated 26/61 318(VI):561 Blackfeet tribal office undated 26/61 318(VI):562 Blackfeet tribal office undated 26/61 318(VI):563 Cabin with trees in background undated 26/61 318(VI):564 Distant view of house undated 26/61 318(VI):565 View of building undated 26/61 318(VI):566 View of downtown street undated 26/61 318(VI):567 View of dirt road with houses undated 26/61 318(VI):568 View of building undated 26/61 318(VI):569 View of street undated 26/61 318(VI):570 Man standing in front of doorway undated 26/61 318(VI):571 Man and woman in front of tent and car undated 26/61 318(VI):572 Three small children in front of house undated 26/61 318(VI):573 Man on tractor undated 26/62 318(VI):574 Man and woman on dirt path undated 26/62 318(VI):575 Man on dirt path undated 26/62 318(VI):576 Woman on dirt path undated 26/62 318(VI):577 View of small houses undated 26/62 318(VI):578 Man standing near stone monument undated 26/62 318(VI):579 Station wagon in front of house undated 26/62 318(VI):580 Small house undated 26/62 318(VI):581 View of distant houses undated 26/62 318(VI):582 View of distant houses undated 26/62 318(VI):583 View of building with some snow undated 26/62 318(VI):584 Woman leaving downtown building undated 26/62 318(VI):585 Four children in front of houses undated 26/62 318(VI):586 View of downtown street undated 26/63 318(VI):587 Man in front of museum-type wall display undated 26/63 318(VI):588 Man in front of museum-type wall display undated 26/63 318(VI):589 Seated man taking notes undated 26/63 318(VI):590 Seated man taking notes undated 26/63 318(VI):591 Man at record player undated 26/63 318(VI):592 Man at record player undated 26/63 318(VI):593 Logs in front of shed undated 26/63 318(VI):594 Logs by shed undated 26/63 318(VI):595 Man on tractor undated 26/63 318(VI):596 Man on tractor undated 26/63 318(VI):597 Boys seated by pulley or winch undated 26/63 318(VI):598 Pile of scrap lumber undated 26/63 318(VI):599 Man posed by building undated 26/63 318(VI):600 View of cabin at Pryor, Montana undated 26/63 318(VI):601 William Big Day and his wife by house by house in Pryor, Montana undated 26/63 318(VI):602 Teepee frame at Pryor, Montana undated 26/63 318(VI):603 Man in front of stone monument undated 26/63 318(VI):604 Cattle in pasture undated 26/63 318(VI):605 Little Big Horn Battlefield, Montana undated 26/63 318(VI):606 Little Big Horn Battlefield, Montana undated 26/64 318(VI):607 Three children undated 26/64 318(VI):608 Bends family undated 26/64 318(VI):609 Man with three children undated 26/64 318(VI):610 Adlow Harris and children undated 26/64 318(VI):611 Joe Medicine Crow undated 26/64 318(VI):612 John Whiteman and Amy with the Fritterer brothers in front of house undated 26/64 318(VI):613 Small boy undated 26/64 318(VI):614 Three children undated 26/64 318(VI):615 Man seated on sofa undated 26/64 318(VI):616 Priest standing by small boy undated 26/64 318(VI):617 Adlow Harris with baby and two children undated 26/64 318(VI):618 Woman on swing set undated 26/64 318(VI):619 Seated man undated 26/64 318(VI):620 Five unidentified adults undated 26/64 318(VI):621 Man and woman in traditional Native American attire undated 26/64 318(VI):622 Children in truck undated 26/64 318(VI):623 House and shed undated 26/64 318(VI):624 Row of houses undated 26/64 318(VI):625 Church undated 26/64 318(VI):626 Building undated 26/65 318(VI):627 Residential street undated 26/65 318(VI):628 Trees undated 26/65 318(VI):629 Parade float circa 1950s 26/65 318(VI):630 House and barn in the distance undated 26/65 318(VI):631 Houses in the distance undated 26/65 318(VI):632 Houses undated 26/65 318(VI):633 Joe Blaine, Matthew Good Luck, Steve Bird, Herbert Blanc, and Josephine Gets Down drumming undated 26/66 318(VI):634 Man with child in stroller undated 26/66 318(VI):635 Man holding child undated 26/66 318(VI):636 Boy and toddler undated 26/66 318(VI):637 Man and boy undated 26/66 318(VI):638 Four children undated 26/66 318(VI):639 Five children undated 26/66 318(VI):640 Two men in shadow, seated in front of blackboard undated 26/66 318(VI):641 Audience in shadow undated 26/66 318(VI):642 Three people seated at desk undated 26/66 318(VI):643 Three people seated at desk undated 26/66 318(VI):644 Audience undated 26/66 318(VI):645 House undated 26/66 318(VI):646 House undated 26/66 318(VI):647 Men standing outside of building undated 26/66 318(VI):648 Large white house undated 26/66 318(VI):649 Small yellow house undated 26/66 318(VI):650 Arrow throw competition undated 26/66 318(VI):651 Arrow throw competition undated 26/66 318(VI):652 Five adults posed in front of store undated 26/66 318(VI):653 Two people on horseback visiting with two other people undated 26/67 318(VI):654 Clara Bends, Agnes Yellowtail, Feral Ease, Bill Ease, and three children posed in front of Crow Indian Baptist Mission undated 26/67 318(VI):655 White house with fence undated 26/67 318(VI):656 Two people on horseback visiting with woman and two children undated 26/67 318(VI):657 Boy undated 26/67 318(VI):658 Log house undated 26/67 318(VI):659 Two women seated on bench undated 26/67 318(VI):670 Distant view of truck, corrals, and shed undated 26/67 318(VI):671 Two men on horseback and three cars undated 26/67 318(VI):672 Castle Rocks, Pryor, Montana undated 26/67 318(VI):673 Castle Rocks, Pryor, Montana undated 26/67 318(VI):674 Man by loaded truck undated 26/67 318(VI):675 Tarp covered mound undated 26/67 318(VI):676 Crow Agency BIA undated 26/67 318(VI):677 People seated in shadow undated 26/67 318(VI):678 Teepee and tent undated 26/67 318(VI):679 Man on porch in shadow undated 26/67 318(VI):680 Man in front of small house undated 26/67 318(VI):681 Man in front of porch undated 26/67 318(VI):682 Man in field by gray house undated 26/67 318(VI):683 Man in field by gray house undated 26/68 318(VI):684 Crow sun dance preparatory dance, Tom Yellowtail, medicine man, and Thomas Lion Shows, sponsor 1975 26/68 318(VI):685 Praying and singing over center pole before raising 1975 26/68 318(VI):686 Veteran Joe Blaine marking pole with charcoal 1975 26/68 318(VI):687 Dancer in traditional Crow sun dance attire undated 26/68 318(VI):688 Marshall and Ira Lefthand circa 1976 26/68 318(VI):689 Three Crow boys on horses 1975 26/68 318(VI):690 Six Nations band undated 26/69 318(VI):691 Spear Siding above Lodge Grass, Montana undated 26/69 318(VI):692 Poles for dance stalls, Crow sun dance 1975 26/69 318(VI):693 People gathered inside sun dance lodge 1975 26/69 318(VI):694 Man in street clothes seated in lodge 1975 26/69 318(VI):695 Overexposed view inside sun dance lodge 1975 26/69 318(VI):696 Joe Alden, Retard Carter, and others at sunrise service on last day 1975 26/69 318(VI):697 Overexposed view of people inside sun dance lodge 1975 26/69 318(VI):698 Overexposed view of people inside sun dance lodge 1975 26/69 318(VI):699 Overexposed view of people inside sun dance lodge 1975 26/69 318(VI):700 People entering sun dance lodge 1975 26/69 318(VI):701 Sun dancers getting soup and soda pop after dance 1975 26/69 318(VI):702 Sun dancer in front of car 1975 26/69 318(VI):703 Man seated in shadow 1975 26/69 318(VI):704 People outside sun dance lodge 1975 26/69 318(VI):705 People standing and seated by car undated 26/69 318(VI):706 People outside of sun dance lodge undated 26/69 318(VI):707 John Truhujo standing in front of tents undated 26/69 318(VI):708 James Bear Below and Gladys Ann Littleness seated under canopy undated 26/69 318(VI):709 People around table by white house undated 26/70 318(VI):710 Janice Old Crow with child in river undated 26/70 318(VI):711 Three children in Little Big Horn River undated 26/70 318(VI):712 Child in Little Big Horn River undated 26/70 318(VI):713 Janice Old Crow rinsing pants in Little Big Horn River undated 26/70 318(VI):714 Frederick Left Hand and three children in Little Big Horn River undated 26/70 318(VI):715 Four children in Little Big Horn River undated 26/70 318(VI):716 One person in Little Big Horn River undated 26/70 318(VI):717 Boy riding bareback undated 26/70 318(VI):718 Truck by portable outhouse undated 26/70 318(VI):719 Boy and horse in front of rickety cabin undated 26/70 318(VI):720 Two men and two horses, one man shoeing horse undated 26/70 318(VI):721 Man shoeing horse undated 26/70 318(VI):722 Crow Fair arena with bucking bull in center undated 26/70 318(VI):723 Crow Fair arena with racing horses coming in on far side undated 26/70 318(VI):724 Crow Fair arena with racing horse coming in on far side undated 26/70 318(VI):725 Crow Fair arena with bucking bull in center undated 26/70 318(VI):726 Sunset shot with Wolf Mountains in very distant background undated 26/70 318(VI):727 Sunset shot with Wolf Mountains in very distant background undated 26/70 318(VI):728 Very distant shot of fire at treetop level undated 26/70 318(VI):729 Very distant shot of fire at treetop level undated 26/71 318(VI):730 Yellow robe, first recipient of Pete Lefthand Award undated 26/71 318(VI):731 Sunset shot by water undated 26/71 318(VI):732 Statue of man and horse in Cody, Wyoming undated 26/71 318(VI):733 Gathering of people in shadows undated 26/71 318(VI):734 Joe Medicine Crow undated 26/71 318(VI):735 Man, woman, and boy in foreground undated 26/71 318(VI):736 Santa Maria undated