OREkordesch.xml Guide to The Karl and Erna Kordesch Papers 1906-2011 Kordesch (Karl and Erna) Papers Finding aid prepared by Trevor Sandgathe. Special Collections & Archives Research Center, The Valley Library
121 The Valley Library Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331 Phone: 541-737-2075 Email: special.collections@oregonstate.edu Web: http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections
2011 Finding aid encoded by Ryan Wick, Chris Petersen and Trevor Sandgathe. 2011 Finding aid written in English. Overview of the Collection Oregon State University Libraries, Special Collections & Archives Research Center Special Collections & University Archives Research Center
121 The Valley Library Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331 Phone: 541-737-2075 Email: special.collections@oregonstate.edu Web: http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections
MSS Kordesch Kordesch, K. (Karl), 1922- Karl and Erna Kordesch Papers 1906-2011 14 linear feet 36 boxes 11 gigabytes Personal and professional correspondence, research materials, financial records, scientific publications, corporate materials, immigration and employment documentation, photographs, and bibliographic records. Karl Kordesch (1922-2011) was a distinguished Austrian-American chemist widely recognized for his contributions to battery and fuel cell research and technology. Kordesch was jointly responsible for the invention of the alkaline primary dry cell battery, significant developments in fuel cells, and the successful creation and operation of hybrid vehicles. During his career, Kordesch was responsible for more than 100 hundred patents as well as numerous papers, articles, and books on the subject of electrochemistry, effectively revolutionized the battery industry, and pioneered electric/fuel cell vehicles. The Karl and Erna Kordesch papers contain records of much of Karl's research and publishing efforts as well as biographical records, photos, and ephemera documenting the Kordeschs' life in Nazi-occupied Austria and the United States. English German

Materials in fair to very good condition.

Archived electronic records are viewable onsite upon appointment.

 Biographical Note

Karl Kordesch is recognized as a pioneer of battery and fuel cell technology responsible for vastly extending the utility of non-petroleum electrical energy sources through the invention and refinement of electrochemical devices and processes. Through his invention of the alkaline primary battery cell, work with rechargeable batteries, and development of fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicle systems, Karl Kordesch contributed greatly to the reduction of energy waste and the global use of compact, portable energy sources.

Karl was born in Vienna, Austria on March 18, 1922 and Erna Bӧhm was born six months later, on September 8, 1922. After graduating from high school in 1940 Karl began studying at the University of Vienna. In 1941, Karl was conscripted into the German military where he served until the end of World War II in 1945. In 1946, he and Erna were married and he returned to his studies at the University of Vienna. Karl graduated in 1948 with his doctorate in chemistry and worked as a University Assistant at the University of Vienna. In 1953, Karl accepted a position with the U.S. Army Signal Corps through Operation Paperclip, an Office of Strategic Services program designed to supplement American scientific research with Axis personnel in exchange for U.S. citizenship and other benefits. Karl and Erna moved their family to New Jersey where he served with the Signal Corps until 1955 when he joined the Union Carbide Corporation. There, he developed the manganese dioxide-zinc primary cell which became the leading consumer battery worldwide. He also worked extensively with fuel cells, contributing new technology to the Apollo space missions and developing a hydrogen fuel cell/battery system capable of powering his personal vehicle, an Austin A40, efficiently for more than three years.

In 1977, Karl left his position at Union Carbide to return to Austria with Erna where he worked as director of the Institute for Inorganic Chemistry at the Graz University of Technology. There, he continued his research into rechargeable batteries, fuel cells, and more efficient methods for powering vehicles. In 1986, Kordesch founded Battery Technologies Inc., a company responsible for the manufacture of rechargeable batteries sold under Rayovac. Karl also formed the Kordesch & Associates, Inc. consulting firm in 1988. In 1997, Kordesch accepted a position as vice-president of Apollo Energy Systems where he oversaw fuel cell research for use in consumer vehicles. The Kordeschs moved to Eugene, Oregon they lived until Karl's death in 2011. Karl Kordesch was survived by his wife, Erna Kordesch, and his four children.

During his lifetime, Kordesch produced more than one hundred patents, hundreds of articles and papers, and numerous books. He was an active participant in the scientific community, frequently attending and presenting at meetings and symposia, collaborating with colleagues around the globe, and acting as a leader in his field through service as the Secretary General of the International Society for Electrochemisty. His achievements have been recognized through his receipt of the prestigious William Exner Medal, the Vittorio de Nora Gold Medal Award, and the Erwin Schrödinger Prize, among others.

 Timeline for Karl and Erna Kordesch 1922 Kordesch is born on March 18, 1922 in Vienna, Austria. Erna Bӧhm is born on September 8, 1922 in Reichenau, Austria. 1940 Kordesch begins his first year at the University of Vienna. 1941 Kordesch is conscripted into the German Armed Forces, interrupting his studies at the University of Vienna. 1944 Kordesch is wounded while serving in Russia. 1945 Kordesch is released from military service at the end of World War II, having attained the rank of Lieutenant Battery Leader. 1946 Kordesch and Erna Bӧhm are married on June 22, 1946 . Kordesch returns to the University of Vienna to complete his studies. 1947 Johanna Kordesch, Karl and Erna's first child, is born on February 24, 1947 in Vienna, Austria. 1948 Kordesch receives his doctorate in chemistry from the University of Vienna. Kordesch works as a University Assistant at the University of Vienna until 1953. 1949 The second Kordesch child, Albert, is born on August 15, 1949 in Vienna, Austria. Kordesch accepts a part-time consulting position for Wiener Isolierrohr, Batterie, und Metallwarenfabrik, a battery manufacturer located in Vienna while continuing to work at the University of Vienna. 1953 As a part of Operation Paperclip, Karl Kordesch is invited to join the U.S. Signal Corps. Kordesch and his family move to the United States and Karl begins work as scientific staff member of the U.S. Signal Corps at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. 1954 Catherine Kordesch, the third Kordesch child, is born on January 24, 1954 . 1955 Kordesch accepts a position as Battery Group Leader at the Union Carbide Corporation Research Laboratory in Parma, Ohio. 1956 The fourth Kordesch child, Martin, is born on July 22, 1956 . 1957 Kordesch and two colleagues file for a patent of the alkaline dry cell battery which would ultimately become the Energizer D-cell. 1962 Kordesch is appointed group leader of the Fuel Cell Section of the Corporate Development Department at Union Carbide. 1967 Kordesch receives the Wilhelm Exner Medal from the Austrian Association of Small and Middle-Sized Enterprises. Kordesch constructs a hybrid electric motorcycle using a hydrazine fuel cell. 1969 Kordesch returns to the Consumer Products Division of Union Carbide as a Senior Research Associate. 1970 Kordesch retrofits an Austin A40 sedan to run on a hydrogen fuel cell, making it the first practical hydrogen-fueled car ever produced. This vehicle served as his primary means of transportation for the following three years. 1973 Kordesch is appointed Union Carbide Research Fellow. 1977 Kordesch takes a position as full professor at the Graz University of Technology and director of the Institute for Inorganic Chemistry. 1981 Kordesch begins a five-year term as Secretary General of the International Society for Electrochemistry. 1985 Kordesch is appointed Dean of the Science and Technology Faculty at the Graz University of Technology, a position in which he serves until 1987. 1986 Kordesch is awarded the Vittoria de Nora Gold Medal for outstanding achievement by the U.S. Electrochemical Society. Battery Technologies, Inc. is founded by Karl Kordesch and Wayne Hartford. 1988 Kordesch & Associates Inc. is founded by Karl as an electrochemistry consulting firm. 1990 Kordesch receives the Erwin Schrödinger Prize from the Austrian Academy of Sciences. 1991 Kordesch receives the Frank M. Booth Prize of the Royal Society of Great Britain. 1992 Kordesch retires from the Graz University of Technology and the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry. Kordesch is awarded the Auer V. Welsbach Medal. 1996 Kordesch and Günter Simader publish Fuel Cells and Their Applications . 1997 Kordesch becomes vice-president of Apollo Energy Systems where he was responsible for overseeing further development of the company's line of fuel cells. 2009 Kordesch is recognized by the American Chemical Society for fifty years of service. 2011 Kordesch dies on January 12, 2011 in Eugene, Oregon. Content Description

The Karl and Erna Kordesch Papers are comprised of approximately ten linear feet of content documenting Karl's professional career from the late 1940s until his death in 2011 and an additional four linear feet of assorted personal records from both Karl and Erna. The collection contains an extensive record of Karl Kordesch's career including patent records, research notes, documentation of various business ventures, and correspondence, as well as materials regarding Karl's participation in the United States' post-World War II Operation Paperclip. The Karl and Erna Kordesch Papers also include an extensive collection of photographs documenting life in World War II-era Austria and the mid-20th century American Midwest. In addition to its physical holdings, the collection also contains more than 10 gigabytes of electronic documents including correspondence, publications, and digital photographs relating to Karl Kordesch's research.

 Arrangement

The Karl and Erna Kordesch Papers are arranged by medium, subject, and chronology.

 Restrictions on Access

Permission to examine the Karl and Erna Kordesch Papers will be granted to qualified researchers upon completion of an "Application for Use" form, and contingent upon the researcher's agreement to abide by the rules and policies governing collection use. See the Use of Collections page for more information.

 Preferred Citation

Courtesy of the Karl and Erna Kordesch Papers, Special Collections & Archives Research Center, Oregon State University Libraries

 Custodial History

Ownership of all materials in the Karl and Erna Kordesch Papers were transferred to Erna Kordesch upon Karl Kordesch's death. Erna Kordesch donated all materials to OSU Libraries Special Collection on April 22, 2011. Additional materials created by Catherine Kordesch were donated by on December 28, 2011.

 Acquisition Information

14 linear feet and 7.5 gigabytes of materials were accessioned from Erna Kordesch by OSU Libraries Special Collections on April 22, 2011.

3.5 gigabytes of electronic records were accessioned from Catherine Kordesch by OSU Libraries Special Collections on December 28, 2011.

 Future Additions

No future additions are anticipated.

 Processing Note

Final arrangement by Trevor Sandgathe.

 Selected Publications by Karl Kordesch Kordesch, Karl . Batteries, Vol. 1: Manganese Dioxide . New York: Marcel Dekker, 1974 . Kordesch, Karl . Batteries, Vol. 2: Lead-Acid Batteries and Electric Vehicles . New York: Marcel Dekker, 1977 . Kordesch, Karl . Brennstoffbatterien . Vienna; New York: Springer, 1984 . Kordesch, Karl and Simader, Günter . Einsatz der Brennstoffzellen-Technologie für die Dezentrale Energienutzung Zweite Endbreicht einer Studie der EVA und TU Graz im Auftrag der Steirischen Elektrizität- und Wasserkraft-AG (STEWAG) . Vienna: EVA, 1998 . Kordesch, Karl and Simader, Günter . Fuel Cells and their Applications . Weinheim; New York: VCH, 1996 . Kordesch, Karl and Kornfeil, Friedrich . Method and Device for Testing Nickel-Cadmium Batteries . Ft. Belvoir, VA: Ft. Belvoir Defense Technical Information Center, 1954 . Kordesch, Karl . Versuch zur Aufarbeitung von Gelatine-Hydrolysaten nach den Methoden der Hochvakuumdestillation, Cu-Salz Trennung und Chromatographie. . Vienna: University of Vienna, 1948 . Additional Reference Guides

Related Materials

Separated Materials

Subjects

The following Library of Congress Authorities headings suggest topics, individuals or organizations interspersed through the collection.

Personal Names Kordesch, Erna. Hacker, Viktor. Kordesch, Erna. Simader, Günter. Organizational Names Battery Technologies, Inc. Operation Paperclip (U.S.) Technische Universität Graz. Union Carbide Corporation. United States. Army. Signal Corps. Subject Terms Battery industry--United States. Electric automobiles. Fuel cells. Hybrid electric vehicles. Scientists--United States--Recruiting. Storage batteries. Compact discs. Film negatives. Photograph albums. Floppy disks. Photographic prints. Slides. Science Technology Transportation Women Electronic Records Photographs

The following section contains a detailed listing of the materials in the collection.

1 Scientific Research Materials 1950-2011 undated 24 boxes

Contains research notes, reports, publications, correspondence, visual aids, and patent information pertaining to battery, fuel cell, and electric/hybrid vehicle research. Includes materials created by Karl Kordesch and others involved in the development of non-petroleum based energy sources.

 1 Battery Research 1950-2010 undated 6 boxes 1.001 Kordesch Research Notes, Reports, and Publications 1950-1996 1.1 Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications 1950-1991 1.2 Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications 1992-1996 1.002 Kordesch Research Notes, Reports, and Publications 1997-2010 undated 2.1 Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications 1997-2010 2.2 Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications undated 1.003 Non-Kordesch Research Notes, Reports, and Publications 1956-2005 3.1 Non-Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications 1956-1993 3.2 Non-Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications 1994-1995 3.3 Non-Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications 1996-1997 3.4 Non-Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications 1998-2005 1.004 Non-Kordesch Research Notes, Reports, and Publications undated 4.1 Non-Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications undated 1.005 Assorted Informational and Promotional Materials 5.1 Assorted informational and promotional materials undated 5.2 Battery Technologies, Inc. informational and promotional materials undated 1.006 Assorted Scientific Journals 2000-2010 2 Fuel Cell Research 1959-2007 undated 7 boxes 1.007 Kordesch Research Notes, Reports, and Publications 1959-2007 7.1 Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications 1959-1969 7.2 Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications 1970-1989 7.3 Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications 1993-2000 7.4 Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications 2001-2007 1.008 Kordesch Research Notes, Reports, and Publications undated 8.1 Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications undated 1.009 Kordesch Reports to Union Carbide 1960-1969 9.1 Quarterly progress reports 1960-1962 9.2 Monthly reports 1963-1969 1.010 Non-Kordesch Research Notes, Reports, and Publications 1958-2002 10.1 Non-Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications 1958-1970 10.2 Non-Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications 1993-1999 10.3 Non-Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications 2000-2002 1.011 Non-Kordesch Research Notes, Reports, and Publications 1967-2007 undated 11.1 Non-Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications 2003-2007 11.2 Non-Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications undated 11.3 Reports from G. R. Drengler 1967-1969 1.012 Assorted Informational and Promotional Materials 12.1 Assorted informational and promotional materials undated 1.013 Assorted Scientific Journals 1963-2006 3 Electric/Hybrid Vehicle Research 1964-2010 undated 5 boxes 1.014 Kordesch Research Notes, Reports, and Publications 1970-2007 undated 14.1 Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications 1970-2007 14.2 Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications undated 1.015 Non-Kordesch Research Notes, Reports, and Publications 1964-2007 undated 15.1 Non-Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications 1964-1983 15.2 Non-Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications 2000-2007 15.3 Non-Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications undated 1.016 Electric Auto Corporation/Apollo Energy Systems Internal Documents 2000-2005 16.1 Electric Auto Corporation/Apollo Energy Systems internal documents 2000-2005 1.017 Assorted Informational and Promotional Materials 17.1 Assorted informational and promotional materials undated 17.2 Materials re: The Electric Vehicle Association of Ohio undated 1.018 Assorted Scientific Journals 1992-2010 4 Correspondence 1967-2011 undated 1 box 1.019 Correspondence 1967-2011 undated 19.1 Correspondence re: Battery research 1987-2010 undated 19.2 Correspondence re: Fuel cell research 1967-2010 19.3 Correspondence re: Electric/hybrid vehicle research 1967-2007 undated 19.4 Assorted correspondence 2001-2011 5 Diagrams, Overhead Slides, and Photographs undated 1 box 1.020 Assorted Diagrams, Overhead Transparencies, and Photographs 20.1 Assorted visual aids (paper) undated 20.2 Assorted visual aids (transparencies) undated 20.3 Assorted visual aids (photographs) undated 6 Patents and Documentation of Invention undated 1 box 1.021 Patents and Documentation of Invention 21.1 Batteries undated 21.2 Fuel cells undated 21.3 Assorted inventions undated 7 Dissertations 1983-2001 1 box 1.022 Dissertations: Cifrain, Donne, Ghaemi, Hacker 1995-2001 22.1 Cifrain, Martin. Thin Carbon-based Electrodes for Alkaline Fuel Cells with Liquid Electrolyte. [Bound] 2001 22.2 Donne, S.W. High Performance Chemically and Physically Modified Manganese Dioxide. [Bound] 1996 22.3 Ghaemi, Mehdi. Herstellung elektroaktiver Schichten für die Anwendung in wiederaufladbaren bipoilaren Bruanstein-Zink-Batterien. [1 bound, 1 unbound] 1995 22.4 Hacker, Viktor. Technologische Übergangsstrategien zur Regenerativen Energiewirtschaft: Der Einsatz von Biomasse in Kombination mit der Brennstoffzelle. [Unbound] 1998 1.023 Dissertations: Haynes, Koscher, Weingartner 1983, 1988 undated 23.1 Haynes, A. “Summary of Dissertation Work.” [Bound] 1988 23.2 Koscher, Gerold. Carbon-based Electrodes for Alkaline Fuel Cell Systems with Various Fuels. [2 partial copies, 1 bound and 1 unbound] undated 23.3 Weingartner, August. Berechnungen zur Holzvergasung in der Wirbelschicht. [Unbound] 1983 1.024 Dissertations: Weißenbacher 1996 undated 24.1 Weißenbacher, Manfred. Das wiederaufladbare alkalische Zink/Braunstein-System: Neue Wege zur Berbessergun des Zyklenlebens. [2 bound copies] 1996 2 "Box Zero" 1 box

Materials specially collected and housed by Karl Kordesch. Karl designated this group of materials as "Box Zero", indicating that they were of particular scientific and biographical value. Series includes assorted notes, reports, publications, patent information, and correspondence.

 2.001 Contents of "Box Zero" undated 1.1 Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications undated 1.2 Non-Kordesch research notes, reports, and publications undated 1.3 Assorted patents and related documents undated 1.4 Assorted documents re: WIF undated

Documents regarding a World War II-era German flashlight manufacturer.

 1.5 Assorted correspondence undated 3 Biographical Materials and Photographs 1906-2010 undated 10 boxes

Biographical materials relating to members of the Bӧhm, Colnago, Kordesch and Marko families including personal documents and photographs.

 1 Karl Kordesch undated 3 boxes 3.001 Biographical Materials re: Karl Kordesch 1.1 Identification and citizenship undated 1.2 Military service and Operation Paperclip undated 1.3 Educational records undated 1.4 Financial records undated 1.5 Legal records undated 1.6 Medical records undated 1.7 Travel records undated 3.002 Biographical Materials re: Karl Kordesch 2.1 Assorted correspondence undated 2.2 Newspaper and magazine clippings undated 2.3 Assorted professional contacts undated 2.4 Résumés and biographies undated 3.003 Biographical Materials re: Karl Kordesch 3.1 Assorted keepsakes undated 2 Erna Kordesch undated 1 box 3.004 Biographical Materials re: Erna Kordesch 4.1 Identification and citizenship undated 4.2 Educational records undated 4.3 Newspaper clippings undated 4.4 Personal histories undated

Birth stories of the four Kordesch children and other events dictated by Erna Kordesch and recorded by Catherine Kordesch.

 4.5 Assorted correspondence undated 4.6 Assorted keepsakes undated 3 Kordesch Family undated 1 box 3.005 Biographical Materials re: The Kordesch Family 5.1 Materials re: Kordesch genealogy undated 5.2 Assorted Kordesch family postcards undated 5.3 Assorted Kordesch family keepsakes undated 4 Bӧhm/Colnago Family undated 1 box

Materials relating to members of the maternal (Colnago) and paternal (Bӧhm) sides of Erna Kordesch's family.

 3.006 Biographical Materials re: The Bӧhm/Colnago Family 6.1 Materials re: Bӧhm/Colnago genealogy undated 6.2 Assorted Bӧhm Family Correspondence undated 6.3 Correspondence from Erna Kordesch to Bianca Bӧhm undated 6.4 Assorted correspondence to Bianca Bӧhm undated 6.5 Assorted correspondence to Erna Colnago undated 6.6 Assorted Bӧhm family keepsakes undated 5 Photographs 1900s-2000s undated 4 boxes 3.007 Photographs 1900s-2000s undated 7.1 Photographs of Karl Kordesch 1940s 7.2 Photographs of Karl Kordesch 1950s 7.3 Photographs of Karl Kordesch 1970s 7.4 Photographs of Karl Kordesch 1990s 7.5 Photographs of Karl Kordesch 2000s 7.6 Photographs of Erna Kordesch 1930s 7.7 Photographs of Erna Kordesch 1940s 7.8 Photographs of Erna Kordesch 1950s 7.9 Photographs of Erna Kordesch 1990s 7.10 Photographs of Erna Kordesch 2000s 7.11 Photographs of Karl and Erna Kordesch 1940s 7.12 Photographs of Karl and Erna Kordesch 1970s 7.13 Photographs of Karl and Erna Kordesch 1980s 7.14 Photographs of Karl and Erna Kordesch 1990s 7.15 Photographs of Karl and Erna Kordesch 2000s 7.16 Photographs of the Kordesch family 1940s 7.17 Photographs of the Kordesch family 1950s 7.18 Photographs of the Kordesch family 1960s 7.19 Photographs of the Kordesch family 1970s 7.20 Photographs of the Kordesch family 1990s 7.21 Photographs of the Kordesch family 2000s 7.22 Photographs of the Bӧhm/Colnago family 1900s 7.23 Photographs of the Bӧhm/Colnago family 1910s 7.24 Photographs of the Bӧhm/Colnago family 1920s 7.25 Photographs of the Bӧhm/Colnago family 1930s 7.26 Photographs of the Bӧhm/Colnago family 1940s 7.27 Photographs of the Bӧhm/Colnago family 2000s 7.28 Photographs of the Marko family undated 7.29 Assorted photographs 1910s 7.30 Assorted photographs 1920s 7.31 Assorted photographs 1930s 7.32 Assorted photographs 1940s 7.33 Assorted photographs 1950s 7.34 Assorted photographs 1960s 7.35 Assorted photographs 1980s 7.36 Assorted photographs 1990s 7.37 Assorted photographs 2000s 3.008 Photo Albums 1926-2002 8.1 Bӧhm family photo album 1926-1932 8.2 Kordesch Engagement Book/Photo Album 1940s 8.3 Karl Kordesch's 80th birthday celebration 2002 3.009 Photo Albums 1977 9.1 Union Carbide retirement celebration 1977 3.010 Assorted Slides and Photographic Negatives undated 4 Electronic Records 1 box 11 gigabytes

Preservation copies of electronic records including research data, publications, photographs, personal records, video interviews, and correspondence and physical storage media including flash memory drives, Secure Digital memory cards, compact discs, and floppy disks containing original Kordesch documents. Preservation copies of all electronic records are available onsite for researcher use. Additional processing is forthcoming.

 1 Digital Media Storage Devices undated 1 box

Storage devices containing Kordesch electronic records in original state and order.

 4.001 Digital Media Storage Devices 1.1 11 USB flash drives (assorted capacity) undated 1.2 2 Secure Digital memory cards undated 1.3 9 compact discs undated 1.4 1 3.5-inch floppy disk undated 5 Books 1943-2005 19 volumes

Volumes from Karl Kordesch's personal library.

 Blomen, Leo, ed. Fuel Cell 2000 Proceedings. Switzerland: European Fuel Cell Forum, 2000. Bockris, John O'M., T. Nejat Veziroğlu and Debbie Smith. Solar Hydrogen Energy: The Power to Save the Earth. London: Macdonald & Co., 1991. D'Ans, Jean and Ellen Lax, eds. Taschenbuch für Chemiker und Physiker. Berlin: Springer/Verlag, 1943. Fuel Cell Seminar Organizing Committee. 1998 Fuel Cell Seminar Abstracts. 1996. Fuel Cell Seminar Organizing Committee. October 2000 Fuel Cell Seminar Abstracts. 2000. 1996. Fuel Cell Seminar Organizing Committee. November 2003 Fuel Cell Seminar Abstracts. 2003. 1996. Fuel Cell Seminar Organizing Committee. 2005 Fuel Cell Seminar Abstracts. 2005. 1996. Gutmann, G. Electrochemical Engineering: Elekotrochemische Raktoren, Energiespeicher und Energiewandler.. Germany: Universitätsverlag Ulm GmbH, 1996. Himy, Albert Silver-Zinc Battery: Phenomena, Design Principles, Manufacturing and Various Topics. College Park, MD: University Press, 2003. Journal of Power Sources. Vol. 51, Nos. 1-2. eds. Dyer, C. K., D. A. J. Rand, and P.T. Moseley, 1994. Kordesch, Karl. "The Electric Automobile". Alternative Energy Sources for the Steel Industry: Proceedings of the Sixth C. C. Furnas Memorial Conference. ed. Julian Szekely. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1977. Kordesch, Karl and Günter Simader. Fuel Cells and Their Applications. Weinheim, Germany: VCH, 1996. Kordesch, Karl. Brennstoffbatterien. Wien, Austria: Springer-Verlag, 1984. Kratzl, Karl. Die Kritik der Unreinen Vernunft: Eine Kantige Angelegenheit in 200 Karikaturen und Anekdoten. Wien, Austria: A. Riegelnik, 1995. National Fuel Cell Coordinating Group. 1982 National Fuel Cell Seminar Abstracts. 1982. Rand, D. A. J., R. Woods, & R. M. Dell. Batteries for Electric Vehicles. Somerset, England: Research Studies Press Ltd., 1998. Schwabe, Ina, ed. Batterien und Ladekonzepte. Munich, Germany: Design & Elektronik, 1997. Trumbore, Forrest A. & Dennis R. Turner. The Electrochemical Society: 1902-2002: A Centennial History. Pennington, NJ: ECS, 2002. Westbrook, Michael H. The Electric Car: Development and future of battery, hybrid and fuel-cell cars. London: IET, 2001.