The Department of Parks and Recreation administers Seattle's parks system and community recreation programs. It maintains over 6000 acres of city parks, 20 miles of shoreline, and 22 miles of boulevards. The department operates the city's 25 community recreation centers, the Woodland Park Zoo, the Seattle Aquarium, nine swimming pools, a tennis center, and more than 400 smaller facilities. In addition, it is custodian for four public golf courses, three moorages, and several other athletic and cultural facilities.
In 1884 David Denny donated a five-acre tract that was the site of a cemetery to the City of Seattle, stipulating that it be designated a public park. The site, initially named Seattle Park and later renamed Denny Park, was the first ordinance-designated public park in Seattle. The ordinance that accepted the property (Ordinance 571) also made allowances for its conversion from a cemetery to a park and included a provision that three Park Commissioners be appointed to oversee the conversion. At that time, the City of Seattle was operating under its 1869 charter which provided for a relatively small government of 13 elected officials and three other officers, in whom all municipal authority was vested.
Legislation in 1887 (Ordinance 874) created the Board of Park Commissioners, consisting of three members to be appointed by Council, and who served three-year terms. This unpaid body was charged with all management responsibilities for Seattle's parks and was expected to report to Council as often as each quarter, making recommendations for improvements and for the acquisition of new properties.
In 1890 the City of Seattle adopted its first home-rule charter. The city's population had expanded from 3533 in 1880 to nearly 43,000. The new charter mandated a dramatically larger city government composed of 34 elected officials, 13 departments, and six regulatory commissions, including a Board of Park Commissioners. A park fund was also established, consisting of: proceeds from the sale of bonds issued for that purpose; gifts; appropriations made by Council; and 10% of the gross receipts from all fines, penalties, and licenses. The new Board of Park Commissioners, appointed by the Mayor, consisted of five paid ($300 per year) members who served five-year terms. Although the Board had all management responsibilities for Seattle's parks, including the authority to appoint a superintendent and to negotiate for property, Council retained the authority to purchase property.
In 1892 the Board appointed E. O. Schwagerl, a noted landscape architect and engineer, to be the second Superintendent of Parks. During the four years that he held the office, Schwagerl developed the first comprehensive plan for Seattle's parks. This plan may have guided Assistant City Engineer George F. Cotterill. Cotterill organized volunteers to construct 25 miles of bicycle paths, the routes of which were utilized by the Olmsted Brothers in their 1903 city-wide plan for a system of parks and boulevards.
In 1896 Seattle adopted a new home-rule charter. This charter redefined the Board of Park Commissioners as the Park Committee: five unpaid appointees who reported annually to Council. In addition, all management responsibilities of the parks, including the authority to obtain new properties, were vested with the City Council. The Superintendent of Parks position was eliminated and its responsibilities were assumed by the new Superintendent of Streets, Sewers, and Parks, one of the three members of the Board of Public Works.
In 1903, City Council adopted the Olmsted Brothers plan to expand and develop a system of parks and boulevards. At the same time, the Charter was amended, re-establishing the Board of Park Commissioners and giving it the kind of independence that park commissions in the metropolitan cities of the East enjoyed. While Council retained the authority to approve the purchase of property, the Board assumed all management responsibilities of the parks, as well as the exclusive authority to spend park fund monies. In addition, all park-related authority was removed from the Board of Public Works, and the Board of Park Commissioners elected to appoint a superintendent. Public support, both for the implementation of the Olmsted plan as well as for the new, empowered Board, was substantial. In 1905 a $500,000 park bond was passed; followed by $1,000,000 in 1908; $2,000,000 in 1910; and $500,000 in 1912.
In 1907 the Superintendent was joined by a new staff position, the Assistant Superintendent, and in the following year the first directorship, Playgrounds Director, was created. In 1912 the first full-time engineer appeared under the title Chief Engineer, later to be changed to Park Engineer. By 1922 a Head Gardener had been appointed, and two more directorships created: the Zoo Director and the Bathing Beaches Director.
In 1925 the charter was amended such that no more money could be spent in the acquisition of park properties than was available through the park fund. In that same year, the Park Engineer was replaced by a new position, the Landscape Architect. In 1926 the Board abolished the position of Superintendent, distributing that position's responsibilities between the Head Gardener and the Landscape Architect. In 1927 the position title of Park Engineer was re-established, but with the duties and responsibilities of the old superintendent, while the new Junior Park Engineer directly managed engineering and construction activity.
In 1926 Mayor Bertha K. Landes appointed a Municipal Recreation Committee, comprised of Park Board members, School Board members, and a representative of the community at large, to analyze ways in which they could cooperatively contribute to the municipal recreation program. The Committee submitted its report to the Mayor in January 1928. The report detailed which facilities were provided by the Park Board and which by the School Board; how the facilities could be more efficiently utilized; and what additional facilities were required.
A ten-year plan for the Department of Parks was announced in 1931. This plan, based upon a projected population for the Seattle metropolitan area in 1940, was a program of development aimed at making better use of existing properties, adding to those properties that needed more space, and acquiring new properties in those parts of town that were experiencing growth. Much of this plan would be realized by the Works Projects Administration later in the decade.
In 1939 administration of playground programs and bathing beaches was consolidated under the newly created position. In 1940, with the opening of the West Seattle Golf Course (the city's third municipal golf course) the position of Golf Director was established. A 1948 Charter amendment required the Board of Park Commissioners to appoint a park superintendent, and the position was to be excluded from the classified civil service.
A Charter amendment in 1967 reconstituted the Board of Park Commissioners as an advisory body to the Mayor, Council, the renamed Department of Parks and Recreation, and other City agencies. The amendment placed the fiscal and operational admistration of the department under the control of the Superintendent of Parks, who was now appointed by the Mayor to serve a four-year term. The specific duties of both the Superintendent and the Board, as well as the number of members and term length for the latter, were to be prescribed by ordinance. Council passed an ordinance in 1968 (Ordinance 96453) which defined the Board as a seven-member body with three-year terms of service.
The $65 million Forward Thrust bond was approved by voters in 1968. By 1974, with matching funds, interest, etc., it had grown to 92 million dollars in working capital; by 1976, over 40 new properties had been obtained by the Department of Parks and Recreation utilizing these funds. Forward Thrust and the Seattle Model City Program together supported the largest expansion of the Park system in Seattle history. These programs funded more than 70 new parks and park facilities.
The Sherwood files comprise an artificial collection that was, for the
most part, accumulated and arranged during the mid-1970s by Don Sherwood, an
employee of the Seattle Parks and Recreation Department. In the late 1970s the
records were housed in the local government documents branch, then called the
Government Research Assistance Library, of the Seattle Public Library located
on the third floor of City Hall. In 1991, prior to the branch move from City
Hall to the library's main branch, the Sherwood Collection was transferred to
the Seattle Municipal Archives. This file contains historical materials
relating to the Department and its facilities. Included are annual reports;
Forward Thrust and Capital Improvement Program records; history files on parks,
playgrounds, public beaches, community centers, and public golf courses; and
correspondence from the Olmsted Brothers relating to their plans for Seattle
parks. Also includes a photographs file.
The records are arranged in eight subseries: Annual Files; Parks History Files; Olmsted Brothers Correspondence; Former Department Property; Proposed Parks Sites; Subject Files; Parks Naming Files; and Photographs.
Records are open to the public.
Donald N. Sherwood (c. 1916-1981), architect, commercial artist, and historian, was born and raised in St. Louis, Missouri. He attended Ohio State University, receiving a degree in commercial art. On a family vacation to the Pacific Northwest, Sherwood found the climate more agreeable with his asthma than Ohio's, and in the early 1950s moved to Seattle with his wife, Miriam, and two children.
Soon after his arrival in Seattle, Sherwood accepted the position of Junior Engineer with the Department of Parks. In that job he occasionally was able to utilize his commercial art skills producing brochures and recreational programs. Soon after accepting the position, the department architect left, and Sherwood was asked to design small park buildings and to supervise their construction. Working in an office which held property maps and records of park improvements, Sherwood found himself responding to information requests from the general public.
At the suggestion of the Superintendent's Office, Sherwood began compiling sketch maps of the parks, annotating them with historical information as he discovered it. He began writing individual histories for each facility when the amount of historical information grew to the point where it would no longer fit on the maps.
In the early 1970s, Sherwood discovered that older department files were being destroyed as employees retired. Aware of at least four earlier destructions (c. 1930, 1960, 1965, and 1968), Sherwood urged that valuable Parks records be sorted, under the supervision of a librarian, and that appropriate materials be preserved. In 1972 he was assigned the responsibility. Although given little time with which to perform this duty, Sherwood threw himself into the activity with vigor. As he pulled together the records, he described the collection as "the correspondence and miscellaneous items found in file [Sherwood's emphasis] that seem to best describe the history of this park or playground."
Sherwood continued this work until his position was eliminated, due to a budget reduction, in 1977. Some additional material was added to the collection after this date by various Park Department employees. Sherwood continued his research and writing on the history of Seattle parks until his death in November 1981. The histories and drawings of the parks he generated after leaving City employment were donated to the Museum of History and Industry following his death.
Sherwood labored for the Department of Parks and Recreation for 22 years. During this period, in addition to his historical research, he designed and illustrated numerous departmental brochures, maps, and annual reports; designed exhibits for the Children's Zoo; and illustrated Gordon Newell's text for Totem Tales of Old Seattle (Seattle: Superior Publishing Co., 1956). Sherwood was a lifetime member of the Sierra Club, a charter member of the Pacific Northwest Historians Guild, a member of the Historical Society of Seattle and King County, and a member of the American Historical Association.
The following essay was written by Don Sherwood two years after leaving the employ of the Parks Department. It has not been edited except for punctuation, capitalization, and, in a few places, the use of added bracketed words to clarify passages. As the reader will note from the final paragraphs, Sherwood did not complete this essay.
"Interpretive Essay on The History of Seattle's Parks & Playgrounds" by Don Sherwood, July 13, 1979
In order to establish possession of lands recently acquired from England, Spain-Mexico, France, as well as the native Indian tribes, the Federal government divided the land into a grid pattern that was applied across prairie, mountain, lake and river, and established a system of Donation Land Claims whereby every white citizen would be given the land that he staked out and homesteaded upon. The program began in Ohio in 1785 and was enacted in 1850 for the Oregon Territory, a portion of which became Washington Territory in 1853. The Oregon donation was for 160 acres per person, 320 to a married couple. One of the founders of the townsite that became Seattle was a bachelor named David Denny, who staked his claim north of the line that became Denny Way. The following year, 1853, he was married. In 1864 the couple deeded a portion of Denny's claim for "Seattle Cemetery." It was a long way from the town that was clustered around the "Pioneer Square District" and was accessible only by country roads. The town became a city in 1869 and began to grow by annexing land; the Dennys' claim was included in the 1883 annexation.
The Dennys must have responded to the same feelings voiced by Joni Mitchell: "Don't it always seem to go, that you don't know what you've got till it's gone... took all the trees and put 'em in a tree museum, and charge all the people just to see 'em!" At any rate, the Dennys decided to rededicate the 5-acre "Seattle Cemetery" to park purposes and, unlike the European concept of combined park and cemetery grounds, ordered the gravesites relocated at city expense.
Thus was Seattle's system of parks and playgrounds born, on July 22, 1884. First known as "Seattle Park" it was renamed c.1887 in honor of its donors as Denny Park.
Seattle was so busy in becoming a city -- and so surrounded by wilderness -- that the "park concept" was slow to grow. By 1892 there were only three major parks: (Denny, City [now Volunteer], and Kinnear) plus five small ones. Nonetheless, in that year the [Board of] Aldermen appointed James Taylor to assist the Park Commissioners by supervising the work in and of the parks. The following year, E.O. Schwagerl, "one of the most prominent landscape architect/engineers in the country" (i.e. St. Louis and Cleveland) was hired to superintend the work. Schwagerl stayed only three years and then vanished, but it was enough time to prepare the basis for a park system. A major portion of the 1892 Annual Report of the Park Commissioners is devoted to the Study Of Parkway Lying Between Madison Point And Through Hunter's Glenn, Reaching To The Peninsula On The West Shore Of Lake Washington. The report devotes itself to proclaiming the wonders of Seattle's natural beauty, how fast it is being ravaged, what other cities are doing, the need to commence a system of parks and boulevards in Seattle including a code of park laws, the need for the power of condemnation to acquire park land, and the need to increase the limit of bond indebtedness to more than $100,000. The report goes on to propose two major parks on Lake Washington, with the boulevard linking four of the "already most popular gardens." The report stresses that "This proposition is the heart and center of the magnificent system possible for the city." Mr. Schwagerl further proposed a similar plan for the Puget Sound shoreline; two major parks with two boulevards linking Woodland Park and Ravenna Park (both private) and the new University grounds. In the 1893 Annual Report he identifies the proposed "Northwest Park as overlooking Salmon Bay on Puget Sound (this became an Army post in 1897; Ft. Lawton; finally Discovery Park in 1971), Northeast Park as overlooking Union Bay on Lake Washington and Southeast Park as the peninsula on Lake Washington (acquired in 1911 as Seward Park)." The popular gardens were all private: Laurelshade, Madison, Madrona, and Leschi Parks. The Southwest Park was not identified: Duwamish head was settled as the town of West Seattle. Alki Beach became a park in 1910. Mayor J. T. Ronald vigorously endorsed the 1892-1893 plan...but no major action occurred until 1900 when the City Council appropriated $100,000 for the purchase of Woodland Park (including a portion of Green Lake) from the estate of Guy Phinney. There was an "enormous outcry" over spending that much money for a park so far from town! That same year, George F. Cotterill, Assistant City Engineer, published a map of bicycle paths for the city of 55,000 residents who owned 10,000 bicycles. (The first automobile appeared on Seattle streets in 1900.). Cotterill had walked about the city and developed a 25 mile system of paths, chosen for grade and to take advantage of the scenic beauty.
In 1873 the distinguished founder of American Landscape Architecture, Frederick Law Olmsted, prepared a city plan for the new railroad terminus town of Tacoma, but it was voted down. In 1895, according to R.C. Nesbitt (Judge Thomas Burke's biographer), Virgil Bogue outlined a plan to consolidate Seattle's railroad/port-depot into a civic pier; it was rejected (E.O. Schwagerl was Superintendent of park work at the time.). But the Olmsted concept was catching on, all over the nation. So, in 1902, Seattle hired the sons of Frederick Law Olmsted, the Olmsted Brothers of Brookline, Mass., to prepare A Comprehensive System of Parks and Parkways for the city. It was adopted by Council in 1903 and fully reported in the 1904 Annual Report. A Supplemental Report on Annexed Territory and General Development was prepared in 1908 and appears in the 1909 Annual Report: the annexations were Ballard, Columbia, Rainier Beach, South Seattle and West Seattle. They are wordy reports and many of the place names have changed, which made precise identification difficult. The two-color print of the "Olmsted System: 1908" on a city map is off-register, too, although the 1911 Bogue Plan for Seattle includes a "park map" which shows Olmsted proposals. The Olmsteds were further retained (until 1930) to prepare landscape plans for 37 parks. Evidently a written report accompanied each park design project to identify the landscape materials shown on the plan by a number, plus a specific description of the intent and manner of each park improvement. One general letter is critical of Seattle's existing parks: "they all look alike with the same plants and design appearance; each park should have an individual appearance." Only 18 reports are in file plus some scattered correspondence.
The Olmsted Report recommended: the creation of a Park Commission independent of the City Council; financing of property acquisitions and improvements by long-term loans (bonds) and also from direct taxation for park purposes; employment of a competent staff of a superintendent, foreman, realtor, lawyer, designer, etc. (the hiring of a superintendent became a condition of the Olmsted contract in 1904); and the establishment of a policy re: donated property to be free of donor's requests for specific improvements. The 1908 report felt the need to define the types of parks and playgrounds and boulevards and the improvements thereon. Also that the park area should equal 32 acres per square mile of the city.
The accomplishments of the Olmsted Plan are enormous. Cotterill's bicycle paths became the basis for Lake Washington Boulevard, Interlaken Boulevard, Magnolia Boulevard, and their parkway from Montlake [and] the University of Washington grounds (via 17th Avenue) to Ravenna Park/Boulevard to Green Lake and Woodland Park was also accomplished. But their parkway from Woodland Park to Queen Anne and to Golden Gardens was not done, nor Beacon Avenue developed as a real parkway. Lake Washington Boulevard from Seward Park to Atlantic City Park was successfully opposed and the Dunlap Canyon, Duwamish Hill, South Borne, Sound Bluffs and South Seattle parkways were not accomplished as such, but four parks and greenbelts did develop within some of the "parkways". Duwamish Head Parkway was envisioned around the top of the bluff; instead it became Alki Avenue and Harbor Avenue on a fill along the beach and Sound Bluffs Parkway envisioned atop the slopes from Williams Point to Alki Point became Beach Drive, a residential street. The Longfellow (Creek) Park became a greenbelt [between] 1954-1965. Ballard Bluff Park became a greenbelt. Parks which the Olmsteds proposed/endorsed [included] Seward, Ravenna, Discovery, Colman, Mt. Baker, Observatory, Gas Works, Edwards, Lincoln, Magnolia, Hamilton Viewpoint; playground sites at (or adjacent [to]) Garfield, Mercer (Seattle Center), Beacon Hill, Peppi's, Ballard, Gilman, Loyal Heights, Hiawatha, South Park, Hutchinson, Van Asselt, South Seattle, Rainier, Brighton, and Rainier Beach. (In 1907 the Olmsteds were hired by realtors to develop Mt. Baker, Licton Springs, and Golden Gardens Parks, since acquired and redeveloped.) The Olmsteds were contracted to design plans for 37 parks, producing 375 drawings of which only 39 were found in major designs. Major designs were for Volunteer, Woodland, Green Lake, Colman, Frink, Hiawatha, Jefferson, Schmitz and Seward. (They designed the Arboretum in Washington Park for the University of Washington in 1932.) In addition, the Olmsteds recommended the adoption of the new concept of public recreation in Seattle: playgrounds and buildings for year round indoor recreation (fieldhouses), staffed and programmed by teachers.
To begin the accomplishment of the Olmsted Plan, Seattle approved its first park bond in 1906 for $500,000, followed in 1908 with another bond for $1,000,000, and a third in 1910 for $2,000,000. With these funds, 26 parks and playgrounds were acquired and many of them developed.
In 1909, "urged by certain individuals, the American Institute of Architects (Seattle office) called a meeting, during which was formed the Municipal Plans League, from which was formed the Municipal Plans Commission in 1910." The Commission called upon Virgil Bogue to prepare a Plan for Seattle. His plan encompassed all phases of Seattle's activities; highways, civic center (five blocks southwest of present Seattle Center), park improvements, municipal decorations, harbor improvements, Port of Seattle and transportation steam trains, rapid transit, tunnels, interurban cars, street trolley cars and ferries. His 43 proposed sites included: a 65-acre park encircling Bitter Lake (seven acres were acquired in 1961); 27 acres in vicinity of Black River Junction (Ft. Dent Athletic Center--55 acres acquired in 1972); 185 acres/or all 4,000 acres of Mercer Island; parks at Richmond Beach, Lake Ballinger, Lake Burien, Three Tree Point to Black River Junction, around Lake Sammish to Snoqualmie Falls, to Tacoma along the bluff overlooking the Sound, to Mt. Rainier, around the Olympic Peninsula, etc. He proposed that these plans should be accomplished by either the city, county or state or done cooperatively. Bogue had engineered railways in Peru, Mexico, New Zealand, Nova Scotia and Alaska. He concluded his park plan with: "The Goves were God's first temple...the grand scene of Mt. Rainier, hoary with its thousand ages, is awe inspiring and the beholder is deeply impressed with a sense of the Infinite Presence and begins to understand why the native Indian had but one god - the Great Spirit." Nevertheless, even though no bond issue was asked for, the plan was vetoed by the voters, its opposition stemming from specific proposals like creating a whole new Civic Center/business, port, railroad, transportation, etc. away from the heavy business investments around Pioneer Square to the south end of Lake Union. (Yet 21 of his 36 park/playgrounds came to be, and most of the seven roads, though not as boulevards.)
In 1912 another park bond issue was approved by voters: $500,000, mostly for the development of properties already acquired. In 1924 a $30,000 park bond was also approved, this one entirely for development and construction.
In 1928 Mayor Bertha K. Landes initiated a Survey of Recreation Facilities. Produced jointly by the Park and School Boards, it was an inventory of the facilities of each Board and recommended minimum standards for recreation. The Mayor's intent was to establish joint planning between the two boards, but that didn't formally begin until 1950. The two boards had jointly used the playground at Highland Park School in 1919.
Acting upon the Olmsteds' recommendation, the Park Board, in 1904, through initiative petition, freed itself of City Hall control and became self-governing except for financial support (tax revenues, Council appropriations, and bond funds for specific voter-approved projects.)
This financial dependency, regulated by Council's approval or disapproval of each request for funds, became a real drag, especially if Council proceeded to fund a project over the objections of the Park Board. This came to a head in 1928 when Council authorized the purchase of a portion of property adjoining that given by Morgan Carkeek for Carkeek Park, plus the Matthews Beach. The Park Board objected on the grounds that council had not provided sufficient funds to maintain and develop property already owned. A minority of the Board attempted to complete the split with the City Council by proposing a "Metropolitan Park District" capable of self-support through taxation. But the voters were negative towards additional taxation, and the Governor vetoed the necessary revision to State law. In 1958 City Hall attempted to take control of the Park Department away from the Board, but the voters supported the Board. Yet, in 1967, the voter-climate had so changed that they approved the Charter Amendment returning control of the department to City Hall, changing the name to Department of Parks and Recreation and the Superintendent becoming a 4-year political appointee.
To cope with the nation-wide unemployment of The Great Depression of 1929, the federal government initiated a public works program: the Federal [government] paid for the labor and the cities, counties and states provided the materials and equipment for the approved projects. To this end, the Park Engineer, E. R. Hoffman, prepared A Ten Year Program in 1931, which detailed and inventoried facilities and provided cost estimates of the needs of each park and playground in Seattle as a basis for projects of the Works Projects Administration (WPA). As a result, Seattle's park system benefited greatly through this program. Only partial/quarterly summary lists of completed projects have been found, so a final recap of finished projects is difficult to establish, though some of the last projects were cut back due to the diversion of funds and workers into World War II efforts. The largest WPA project in this district ($1,090,920 WPA/$108,941 City funds) was the development of the West Seattle Golf and Recreation/Camp Long area. Hoffman's program also recommended new sites, of which the following were acquired: E. C. Hughes Playground (1945), Van Asselt Playground (1933), Rainier Beach Center and Pool (1969), Loyal Heights Playfield (1941), Montlake Playfield (1933), Pritchard Island Beach (1934), Matthews Beach (1951), Snoqualmie Ski (1933-38), Arboretum (UW, 1934), Ft. Lawton (1972); [and] also recommended acquiring 2000 acres of south end of Mercer Island (suburbia got it!) -- the fort or island were proposed new sites for the zoo and an aquarium.
The joint development program between the Park and School Boards was formally inaugurated with the construction of a gymnasium adjoining Laurelhurst School and park playfield in 1950. Both the development of plans and financing were done jointly. From this date has come a long and often difficult program of joint-use and development of recreation centers, playfields and indoor swimming pools.
The Seattle Zoning Commission was created in 1919 but dealt only in real estate. In 1925 it was expanded into a cumbersome 25-member planning commission which was reduced in 1946 to 11 members, but given a budget and a staff. Almost immediately this commission began to study a "Comprehensive Plan for Seattle" -- zoning, highways, parks, etc. -- and in 1954 produced a report Planning for Recreation. It was produced in cooperation with all city departments, official agencies, citizen groups and private individuals, to provide a general framework for public and private growth requirements as forecast for the next 25 years. Elements of the plan were subject to continuous review, adjustment and refining to represent the best long-range guide based upon the current information. Elements included land use, arterial thoroughfares, community and neighborhood boundaries. The basic purpose [was] to locate and integrate the various elements like parks, playfields and recreation centers. The plan identified needs: 69 new playgrounds prioritized, 33 were acquired; nine new playfields, six acquired; six community centers, five new; three major parks, three [acquired]; 32 minor parks, 24 acquired; 15 waterfront acquisitions; two new boat moorages; eight launching ramps; and 14 greenbelts (in Building Department jurisdiction). Thornton Creek Parkway was proposed as an urban trail in 1969 instead of a separate parks area. The abandonment of the Burlington Northern Railroad was hoped for as a marine drive; instead, it was the "Burke/Gilman" Railroad along Lake Washington that became a trail in 1974. The "Central Freeway" became the route of Interstate Highway 5 (1960). In 1958 a "Betterments Program" implemented the 1954 Plan.
The conclusion of the WPA program in 1941 -- the outbreak of U.S. involvement in World War II -- was followed in 1944-1946 by the Federal Lanham Act Grant for recreation leadership, programs, and improvements related to servicemen/areas where they were stationed or "processed." In 1946 the State funded $1,000,000 for developments in Seattle parks and playgrounds. A $2,500,000 Park Bond was voter approved in 1948, almost entirely programmed to improve a "worn out" park system. Then the voters turned against park bond proposals in 1952, 1954, and two submitted in 1958. In 1960 the Department joined with the Engineering Department in a bond proposal which was approved, providing $4,500,000 for park improvements.
Ever since year one, the City Charter had required each of the departments to submit annual budgets to the Council for review, revision, adoption, and funding. The Park Department budget was prepared by the park staffs, based upon needs for salaries, maintenance, repairs, development, and proposed property acquisitions. As such, the budget was a plan for the year ahead based upon the staff assessment of needs. But all the proposed budgets were subject to Council review and revision -- which often was extensive and resulting in an exasperating "tug-of-war" with Council. In 1960 the annual budget was replaced with a six-year Capital Improvement Program. This program schedules capital expenditures under a priority system for the six-year period, which is advanced each year, based upon an annual review and revision regarding changing conditions and projections.
In 1961 the Federal government initiated the Open Space Program with funding to be available through the existing HHFA (Urban Renewal) agency: this was expanded by the Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Act of 1965, then by the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation (BOR) in the Department of the Interior in 1965. The funding was to be administered by each state: in Washington by the Interagency Committee (IAC) for Outdoor Recreation. The IAC was also charged with the administration of funding from the State Outdoor Recreation Bonds (Referenda 11 and 18) and the unreclaimed Recreation-Use Gasoline Tax refund. Both Federal and State funding was predicated upon a percent basis for participating agencies: BOR = 50%, IAC = 25%, City = 25% of the total cost of a project approved at all three levels. A firm requirement of the BOR and IAC was that before any local agency could qualify for funding it must develop an Outdoor Recreation and Open Space Plan approved by the local government, including the availability of matching funds. The staffs of the Park Department and of the Planning Commission prepared Seattle's plan in 1965. It established standards for parks and recreation and produced a current inventory of both park and school facilities which revealed deficient areas of Seattle, which was followed with an action program with priorities that would bring the City up to national standards -- predicated upon funding assistance from the BOR and IAC.
That same year, 1965, a Seattle/King County "Committee of 200" was organized by attorney James Ellis, who had "fathered" METRO (Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle) which, approved by district voters in 1958, established the development of a metropolitan sewer system which successfully ended the pollution of waters adjacent to Seattle. The new "Committee of 200" assessed the total needs of Seattle and King County in all categories, as the Bogue Plan had done, but prepar[ed] then 13 separate plans rather than one plan as Bogue had done. The entire package was titled "Forward Thrust" and was the result of 30,000 hours of committee work. The committee identified the needs (but not specific sites or development details as Bogue had done) for each neighborhood, community, town and city in King County; the sites were to be selected by citizen workshops. They would participate in the formation of design developments to be included in each park or playground. The program established funding for design [and] a Design Review Commission, as well as dollar estimates for acquisition, development or rehabilitation. The Forward Thrust program was submitted to the voters in 1968, presented as 13 separate bond proposals. The voters approved only six, including $118 million for parks and recreation in King County, of which $65 million was allocated to Seattle projects. It was the third largest park and recreation bond issue to be approved in the U.S. Legal requirements determined that the bond proceeds must be allocated to a maximum 12-year period so that the County would not exceed 85 percent of its debt limitation.
The dollar estimates of the Forward Thrust program could not anticipate the approval of any project by the BOR or IAC, so, after the program was prioritized and put into action, various projects were submitted for IAC and BOR approval. Before the mid-point of the Forward Thrust program was reached, matching funds from IAC and BOR for approved projects plus bond investments, the Model City Program, private/community sources, etc., had stretched the working capital of Forward Thrust to $92 million. Due to the massive scope of the work envisioned in the program plus the 12-year accomplishment limitation, the Department staff was greatly increased for the management of finances, project design and implementation, inspection, and the citizen workshops. However, at the time Forward Thrust was conceived, it was agreed that staffing and maintenance should derive from funds normally allocated in the budget to the Capital Improvement Program. So, the battle of the budget continues.
Outstanding accomplishments of the Forward Thrust park and recreation program in Seattle are: seven new indoor swimming pools (the siting of several became community controversies; all were planned in cooperation with schools); Waterfront Park; Seattle Aquarium; Freeway Park; expansion of the Children's Zoo (the PONCHO Theater was a gift); development of the Burke/Gilman Trail for hiking/biking; Occidental Square and redevelopment of Pioneer Square with help from J.E. Casey; improvement of Gas Works Park; Madrona Dance Studio; Seward Park Art Studio; Bathhouse Theater; upgrading of West Seattle Stadium; enlarging the [West Seattle] golf course; six new playfields; indoor tennis courts; eight playgrounds; 25 mini-parks; [and] more waterfront. Two major parks were the gifts of the Federal government: most of Fort Lawton (Discovery Park) and a portion of Sand Point Naval Air Station (Magnuson Park) are under development. The Daybreak Star Center in Discovery Park is an outstanding improvement by the United Indians of All Tribes. The undetailed improvement of the Zoo in the Forward Thrust program created a great furor of objection when designer Bartholick located one of the specified exhibits buildings as a "lid" over Aurora Avenue -- the controversy was ended by voters in 1974.
In 1973 the City Council and Mayor created the Seattle 2000 Commission, composed of citizens and city government officials. They prepared a plan, Goals for Seattle/Year 2000, [that] was adopted by the Council and Mayor to "serve as a basis for continuing administrative and legislative decision-making." The Goals for Parks, Recreation and the Arts included "the protection, preservation and best use of Seattle's natural assets; like shorelines, streams, views, topography, trees and natural vegetation; to improve opportunities for ALL citizens for recreation, use of leisure time, and the understanding, enjoyment of and participation in the arts." The report points out that a broader base of funding is needed, with possible facility/activity user-fees and that development funding should include costs of maintenance.
However, the "base of funding" continued to shrink, and by 1979 the operation of golf activities, the new tennis center, and some park maintenance was being done by concessionaires or through Community Councils. Concession operation produced income for the Department rather than salaries against players fees.
[Item and date], Don Sherwood Parks History Collection, Record Series 5801-01. Box [number], Folder [number]. Seattle Municipal Archives.
The Annual Files are primarily records used in compiling the department's annual reports and for other basic administrative functions. The records include annual reports, correspondence, financial materials, brochures, inventories, copies of legislation, maps, newspaper clippings, policies and procedures, schedules, and Don Sherwood's notes and essays (photocopies).
The records document the administration and activities of the department as represented in its annual reports. Subjects include property acquisition, park improvements, recreation programs, capital improvement planning, civil defense, education programs, department finances, security, training, cooperation with the public schools, personnel and payroll issues, community recreation needs, and youth groups and activities, among others. Also included is the department's interaction with with or relation to the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, the City Planning Commission, Works Projects Administration, and Forward Thrust.
Of special interest is the Seattle Cemetery Removal and Reburial Register. This volume includes information regarding the exhumation of bodies from the cemetery land donated by the Denny Family to the City for its first park and the reburial of those bodies in other cemeteries. The volume lists the plot number, its owner, and names of those interred in the old cemetery, followed by the respective cemetery and plot where the bodies were reburied. Also included are the reports of the Commissioners who oversaw the process, a financial statement of costs, drawings showing the position of the new park in relation to the old cemetery, and a map of the cemetery.
The Parks History Files document the acquisition, development, improvements, and use of over 200 department maintained facilities, including parks, boulevards, bathing beaches, golf courses, moorages, playgrounds and playfields, squares and mini-parks, stadiums, the Seattle Aquarium, and the Woodland Park Zoo. The largest files include: Alki Beach Park, Discovery Park, Green Lake, Jefferson Park, Madison Park, Pioneer Square, Ravenna Park, Seward Park, Volunteer Park, Woodland Park, and the Zoo.
The records in this subseries include correspondence, excerpts from annual reports, Board of Park Commissioners committee reports, brochures, City Council committee reports, maps and drawings, copies of legislation, petitions, reports and studies, and newspaper clippings. Also included are copies of drawings, notes and essays by Sherwood for most of the parks.
The major portion of this subseries consists of correspondence from the Olmsted Brothers regarding the planning and development of the system of parks and boulevards in Seattle. Subject matter also includes the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, the Olmsteds' ideas regarding responsibilities of a Parks Superintendent, the hiring of J.W. Thompson as superintendent, and John C. Olmsted's trips to Seattle.
In addition to correspondence, the records include agreements, news articles and clippings, brochures, drawings, expense accounts, plan index cards (photocopies), reports, and Don Sherwood's notes and essays. The photocopies of the plan index cards, which were obtained from Olmsted Associates, Inc., include the subject, scale, and date of Seattle parks and facilities drawings that the firm has on file.
This subseries includes information on over 20 properties that were once administered by the Department of Parks and Recreation and either have been placed under the jurisdiction of another City agency or are no longer owned by the City. An example of the former is the Mercer Playfield property, which is now under the jurisdiction of the Seattle Center.
Records in these files include correspondence, excerpts of annual reports, maps and drawings, copies of legislation, newspaper clippings, petitions, reports, and Don Sherwood's notes and essays (photocopies).
This subseries contains files on more than 40 proposed sites for Department of Parks and Recreation parks and facilities. The proposals are from the general public, the Board of Park Commissioners, community groups, or other parties interested in the development of park facilities.
Records in this subseries include correspondence, petitions, proposals, reports and studies, maps and drawings, and newspaper clippings.
The Subject Files include information about Parks Department programs and projects and City-wide activities that impact the department. The most extensive files relate to beautification and open space programs, Forward Thrust, the Seafair Gold Cup Races, and Depression Era activities. Other subjects include airport planning, bicycle trails, bond issues, comprehensive planning, cultural events, sports and recreation, schools and youth programs, and zoning.
Records in the Subject Files include correspondence, maps and drawings, inventories, copies of legislation, reports and studies, newspaper clippings, and speeches.
The Parks Naming Files consist primarily of correspondence to and from the Board of Park Commissioners, City Council, City Comptroller, Park Naming Committee, and Parks Superintendent suggesting names for parks and parks facilities. Also included are petitions, drawings, newspaper clippings, and press releases.
The photographs have been physically removed from the Sherwood files and integrated with the Archives Photograph Collection. Although separated, the photographs are included in the Sherwood Guide. They have been scanned, cataloged, and indexed and are included in the online photograph index on the Seattle Municipal Archives web site.
The photographs collected by Sherwood include approximately 2,400 images documenting roughly 140 properties, facilities, and events that have been administered by the Department of Parks and Recreation. The images document sports and recreation on Seattle's playgrounds, parks landscaping, the construction of parks facilities, and the City's boulevards.
Secondarily, the images document leisure time activities, the City's social history, and Works Projects Administration endeavors. They depict the physical development of parks, such as the dredging of Green Lake and the draining of Dahl Field, as well as elements or activities that no longer exist, such as the Licton Springs health spa and the Potlatch Parade.
Among the largest files of images are Green Lake, Lake Washington Boulevard, Leschi Park, Lincoln Park, Ravenna Park, Sayres Park, Seward Park, Volunteer Park, Woodland Park, and Woodland Park Zoo. The images are arranged alphabetically by name of park or facility.
A substantial number of the photographs collected by Sherwood were created by one of three well known local studios: those of Asahel Curtis, Frank H. Nowell, and Webster and Stevens.
Asahel Curtis (1874-1941) came to Seattle with his family in 1888, and six years later he established a photographic studio. Unlike his more famous brother, Edward, he did not consider himself an artist. Curtis was a commercial photographer, and his clients were businessmen, promoters, and government agencies. He was also commissioned by a newspaper to photograph the Klondike Gold Rush. Curtis' life work was a monumental survey of the Pacific Northwest, comprising over 60,000 photographic plates and negatives.
Frank H. Nowell (1864-1950) went to Nome, Alaska in 1900, where he opened his first studio. Between 1901 and 1908, Nowell created a photographic chronicle of the Territory. In 1908 he was appointed the Official Photographer of the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition in Seattle. Following the Exposition, Nowell remained in Seattle and opened a new studio.
Ira (Ike) Webster (c.1870-1942) and Nelson Stevens (c.1875-1938) were the founders of the studio that carried their names until 1981. They came to Seattle in 1899 from their hometown of Portland, Michigan, and initially worked in the studios of other photographers. In 1903 they opened their own studio and from 1906 to 1928 were the exclusive photographers to The Seattle Times (one of the region's principal daily newspapers). Seattle's Museum of History and Industry holds 55,000 negatives produced during the early years of the firm.