Collection Summary
Trenholm, Virginia Cole, 1902-
Virginia Cole Trenholm papers
1929-1979
03597
2.25 cubic
feet (5 boxes)
University of Wyoming. American Heritage Center.
English
Biography of Virginia Cole TrenholmVirginia Cole Trenholm (1902-1994) was a historian who wrote four books on the Shoshoni and Arapaho Indians of the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming.
Scope and ContentCollection includes correspondence (1929-1979); subject files containing correspondence, research notes, etc. (1929-1974); newspaper clippings; and research notebooks which contain correspondence, contracts with publishers, etc.
Access Restrictions
There are no access restrictions on the materials for research purposes,
and the collection is open to the public.
Copyright Information
The researcher assumes full responsibility for observing all copyright,
property, and libel laws as they apply.
Related Materials
There are no known other archival collections created by Virginia Cole Trenholm at the date of processing.
Acquisition Information
The collection was received from Virginia Cole Trenholm in 1980.
Processing Information
The finding aid was encoded by Katelyn Wittenborn and D. Claudia Thompson in 2020.
Preferred Citation
Item Description, Box Number, Folder Number, Collection Name, Collection
Number, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming.
Access Terms
Authors, American.
Indians of North America -- Wyoming.
Women historians.
Shoshoni Indians.
Arapaho Indians.
Wind River Indian Reservation (Wyo.)
Wyoming -- History -- 1890-1918.
Wyoming -- History -- 1919-1945.
Wyoming -- History -- 1946-
Historians.
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People, Ethnicity, and Culture
Native Americans
Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences
Social Life and Customs
Wyoming
Container List
Articles:
1
"Frank Huston and His Comments", THE CUSTER MYTH, by Col. W. A. Graham. Xerox copy with annotation in red and black ink
1
"Another Version of the Story of 'Red Horse,' "THE CUSTER MYTH, by Col W. A. Graham. Xerox copy with annotation in red and black ink
1
"The Arikara", THE CUSTER MYTH, by Col. W. A. Graham. Xerox copy with annotation in red and black ink
1
"The Great Significance of Indian Names", EMPIRE MAGAZINE, by Opal Hartsell Brown. Xerox copy; original returned to donor
1
"Indians", Xerox copy
1
"Indians of Wyoming", LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS PUBLICATION # 35. Xerox copy
1
"Photographic Collections of the Bureau of American Ethnology", SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
1
"Robert Foote", ANNALS OF WYOMING, by Mrs. Charles Ellis. Xerox copy
1
"Swan Company Memories 1925 to 1939", by Robert R. Larson. Note to Virginia, from Robert, attached
April 30, 1980
1
"Photographic Collections of the Bureau of American Ethnology", SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
Booklets:
1ABOUT ARIZONA. The Valley National Bank1967
1 ALL AMERICAN INDIAN DAYS. Sheridan Wyoming. August 4, 5, 6, 19671967
1ALL AMERICAN DAYS. Sheridan, Wyoming 1973
1AMERICAN INDIANS AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs
1THE AMERICAN INDIANS: ANSWERS TO 101 QUESTIONS. United States Department of the Interior of Indian Affairs
1ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS ABOUT AMERICAN INDIANS. United States Department of the Interior, Bureaus of Indian Affairs 1970
1BENT'S FORT ON THE ARKANSAS. State Historical Society of Colorado1954
1THE CHEROKEES PAST AND PRESENT. J. Ed. Sharpe, Cherokee Publications1970
1COLORADO'S HALL OF FAME. Mary and Gene Martin, Little London Press1974
1DE GRAZIA PAINTS THE YAQUI. Ted De Grazia, University of Arizona Press1968
1THE FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES. Grant Foreman, Hoffman Printing Company1966
1FORT FETTERMAN'S CEMETERY. Sharon Lass Field1970
1FORT GIBSON. Grant Foreman, Hoffman-Speed Printing Co.
1FORT VASQUEZ. Leroy R. Hafen, The State Historical Society of Colorado1964
1A GUIDE FOR VISITORS TO THE WINSTON CHURCHILL MEMORIAL AND LIBRARY IN THE UNITED STATES. Westminster College/Fulton/Missouri
1HANDBOOK FOR BEGINNING NEWSPAPER SPONSORS. Joe W. Milner, and Louise Flynn1966
1INDIAN BROTHER BUFFALO. Lena Lockhart Daugherty and Gladys Wheeler Jeffords1971
1INDIANS OF THE CENTRAL PLAINS. United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs1966
1INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST. United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs1968
1AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MUSEUM. Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska1968
1MISSION CHURCH AND GROUNDS. The National Park Service1967
1MISSOURI: VACATION GUIDE. Missouri Tourism Commission
1OKLAHOMA'S FABULOUS INDIAN NAMES. Gladys Wheeler Jeffords and Lena Lockhart Daughtery, American Printing Company1962
1THE PIONEERS CAME. Ray Morissette1967
1SECOND ANNUAL REPORT ON A CONFERENCE ON INDIAN EDUCATION. Fremont County School Administrators1969
1SURGEON'S DIARY WITH THE CUSTER RELIEF COLUMN. W. Boyes, WJBM Associates1974
1THE TRAIL OF TEARS HISTORIC DRAMA 1974. The Theatre at Tsa-La-Gi1974
1VACATIONING WITH INDIANS. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs1965
1WYOMING COMMUNITY COLLEGES
1WYOMING'S SECOND EQUALITY CONGRESS. The First Women's Congress in Wyoming1975
Books:
1CROSSROADS OF THE WEST. Crossroads of the West, Inc.1965
1THE FORTS OF OKLAHOMA. Vinson Lackey, Tulsa Printing Company1963
1GUIDE TO WYOMING NEWSPAPERS 1867-1967. Lola Homsher, Wyoming State Library1971
1HIGH COUNTRY NAMES. Louisa Ward Arps and Elinor Eppich Kingery, The Colorado Mountain Club1966
1TWENTIETH CENTURY PIONEERING. Mary J. Allyn, Privately Printed by Author1956
1WORKBOOK FOR WYOMING PAGEANT. Maurine Carley and Virginia Cole Trenholm, Bailey School Supply Casper, Wyoming1959
Correspondence:
23 Blank Postcards
2TO: Mrs. Trenholm FROM: Kathy Tuggle undated
2TO: Virginia FROM: Charlotte Smithundated
2TO: Mrs. Trenholm FROM: Karen Merklin and Mrs. Kallal's 5th period classundated
2TO: Mrs. Trenholm FROM: 7th period classundated
2TO: Virginia Cole Trenholm FROM: Cliffundated
2TO: Mrs. Trenholm FROM: Cindy Layman, Class Secretary, 2nd periodFebruary 14, no year
2TO: Mr. Robert Standing Water FROM: Mrs. Virginia C. TrenholmNovember 14, 1966
2TO: Miss Virginia Cole Trenholm FROM: Ada P. Kahn April 13, 1967
2TO: Mrs. Virginia Cole Trenholm FROM: Ada P. KahnMay 22, 1967
2TO: Virginia FROM: Edward A. ShawOctober 29, 1968
2TO: Mrs. Virginia Trenholm FROM: Gordon WardNovember 14, 1968
2TO: Virginia FROM: Ardeline Spotted ElkSeptember 1970
2TO: Mrs. Virginia Trenholm FROM: Laramie County Chapter Wyoming State Historical SocietyOctober 1971
2TO: Susan Scott FROM: Virginia Cole TrenholmNovember 23, 1971
2TO: Virginia Trenholm FROM: Mrs. Judy KallalDecember 1, 1971
2TO: Mrs. Virginia Trenholm FROM: Rella LooneyDecember 3, 1971
2TO: Mrs. Virginia Trenholm FROM: Mrs. Judy KallalDecember 6, 1971
2TO: Mrs. Trenholm FROM: MauriceDecember 13, 1971
2TO: Mrs. Virginia Cole Trenholm FROM: Mrs. Stan HathawayFebruary 2, 1972
2TO: Mrs. Trenholm FROM: Mrs. Kallal's 6th period classFebruary 16, 1972
2TO: Mrs. Trenholm FROM: Debbie Albert, class secretary, period 3February 16, 1972
2TO: Mrs. Trenholm FROM: Debbie Albert, class secretary, period 3February 17, 1972
2TO: Mrs. Trenholm FROM: Stan ScheerMarch 20, 1972
2TO: Virginia FROM: T. A. LarsonApril 7, 1972
2TO: Ms. Virginia Cole Trenholm FROM: W. BoyesMarch 28, 1975
Folders:
ARAPAHOES:
Articles:
21"Among the Arapahoes"
21"Arapahoes"
21"The Arapahoe Indians"
21"Arapahoe Indian is Distinguished Churchman"
21"Arapahoe Ranch Operating Agreement"
21"The Arapahoe Padlock Ranch"
21"A Bed For God"
21"C. & A. Agency"
21"Centennial Vesper Service"
21"Cheyennes"
21"Cheyennes and Arapahoes in Colorado to 1861"1861
21"Chief Left Hand's Life"
21"Chiefs" (has manuscript notes)
21"Journal of the West, The Arapahoes, Our People"
21"The Legend of Castle Gardens"
21"The Northern Arapaho Flat Pipe and the Ceremony of Covering in the Pipe"
21"Procedures of a Council of Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians"
21"The Puzzle of Sand Creek"
21"Sand Creek"
21"Some Background on the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians"
Booklets:
22Northern Arapahoe, Robert Hand
22Questions and Answers in Arapahoe, Fremont Arthur
22A Thumbnail History of Holy Trinity Church: Kirkdale Through The Ages, Alleda Nixon
22Book: THE HISTORY OF EATON, COLORADO, Pauline Allison
Correspondence:
22TO: Mr. Campbell FROM: Truman MichelsonFebruary 19, 1934
22TO: Mr. W. S. Campbell FROM: Bird GrinnellMay 6, 1929
22TO: Stanley Vestal FROM: Dorothy GardenerNovember 18, 1939
22TO: Mrs. Trenholm FROM: Paul VanceMarch 17, 1965
22TO: Willie Hall FROM: William H. PayneNovember 8, 1965
22TO: Mrs. Trenholm FROM: Lawrence C. ParnellApril 7, 1965
22TO: Mrs. Trenholm FROM: Jack D. HaleyOctober 21, 1965
22TO: Mrs. Trenholm FROM: Rella LooneyMarch 28, 1968
22Newspaper Clippings (18)
Newspapers:
22"Empire"
22"The Riverton Ranger"
22"Wyoming State Journal"
Pamphlets:
22Big Mountain Country Wyoming
22University of Oklahoma Press
22Big Wyoming
Miscellaneous:
22Information on Reservation
22List of Arapahoe Names
22List of Source Materials for Indian Books
ARTICLES:
Articles:
2"About the Author"
2"Big Smoke"
2"Fact or Fiction: Which Whall it be?"
2"Fringe Benefits of Writing" (2)
2"The Indian Role in Fort Laramie History"
2"The Shoshone Role in Western History"
2"The Shoshone Woman and Her Status in the Tribe"
2"The Shoshonis of Wyoming"
2"The Wind River Indians"
2No Title
Booklets:
2Annals of Wyoming, The Wyoming State Archives1954
2Glendo Dam Dedication1959
2Wheatland's First Church, Virginia Cole Trenholm1957
2The Wind River Rendezvous, St. Stephens Indian Mission
2Wyoming Stream Names, Dee Linford, Wyoming Game and Fish Department1944
Correspondence:
2TO: Mrs. Virginia Trenholm FROM: Robert H. BurnsApr. 5, 19??
2TO: Mrs. Trenholm FROM: R. E. McWhinnieApr. 26, 19??
2TO: Mrs. Trenholm FROM: David A. WolffMar. 13, 19??
2TO: Mrs. Trenholm FROM: Dave WolffApr. 24, 19??
2Newspaper Clippings (7)
Periodicals:
2Montana Western History, Volume XII, No. 4Autumn 1962
2True WestFebruary 1962
2True WestFebruary 1963
Miscellaneous:
2Notecards for "Shoshone Role in Western History"
2Notes for "History of the Indian Tribes of the U.S.
2Outline for "The Making of a Book"
2Pamphlet: Glendo, Wyoming Advertising
2Questions concerning Indians and Pilgrims
2Questions from the students of HST 202
2Warfare in Indian Pains Culture
AMANDA MARY:
Articles:
2"History of Natrona County"
2"In the Court of Claims of the United States" (4)
2"Welcome and History of Arlington"
2Newspaper Clippings (5)
Miscellaneous:
2Booklet - "Amanda Mary and the Dog Soldiers", Virginia Cole Trenholm1974
2Correspondence - TO: Ms. Trenholm FROM: Sandra E. GuzzoAugust 23, 1974
2Excerpts from "The Colorado Magazine" and "Wyoming, Tour 2"
2Information form "Wyoming Library Roundup"
2Newspaper - "The Riverton Ranger"
2Sheet of paper containing information about "Amanda Mary and the Dog Soldiers"
BLUE BOOK:
Articles:
3"Building A State Government" (2)
3"Wyoming Blue Book"
3No Title
3Newspaper Clippings (18)
Periodicals:
3Wyoming History News, Vol. 21, No. 5September 1974
3By-Lines of Wyoming Press WomenSeptember 1974
3Press Releases (3)
3Style Sheets (2)
INDIANS (MISCELLANEOUS):
Articles:
3"Chronicler of Cowboys and Indians"
3"Indians of Wyoming"
3"The Slaughter"
3"Some Fringe Benefits of Authorship"
3"Twenty Years of Peyote Studies"
3"Welcome to Zuni"
3"The Wind River Rendezvous, The Legend of Castle Gardens"
Booklets:
3"The Emergence of the Plains Indian as the Symbol of the North American Indian", John C. Ewers, Smithsonian Institution1965
3"Folk Art in the Fur Trade of the Upper Missouri", John C. Ewers, Journal of the National Archives1972
3Maps:
3Arapaho Migrations
3Indian Country Legend
3Indian Tribes and Linguistic Stocks, 1650
3No Title
3Newspaper Clippings (9)
Newspapers:
3"Empire"
3"Wind River Press"
Miscellaneous:
3Bibliography - Indians of Wyoming
3Correspondence - TO: Mrs. Trenholm FROM: Alexander Bordeaux Jr.May 10, 1953
3List of Books About Indians Who Have Lived in Wyoming
3Suggested Reading List - Arapahoe
3Suggested Reading List - Shoshone and Bannock
MAYFLOWER:
Articles:
3"Indians and Pilgrims"
3"The Mayflower Compact"
3Newspaper Clippings (4)
PLATTE COUNTY:
3Articles:
3"An Evening With Ruth Frederick"
3"Platte County's Historical Background"
3"The Wyoming Development Company"
3Correspondence - TO: Mrs. Ruth H. Baker FROM: Gene M. GressleyJan. 21, 19??
3Correspondence - TO: Executive Secretary FROM: Mary E. AndersMar. 20, 19??
3Newspaper Clippings (2)
Miscellaneous:
3Inventory of the County Archives of Wyoming
3The Midwest Review (xerox)October 1925
3"My Cowboy Days"
3Pamphlet - Glendo, Wyoming Advertising
3Receipt
3"Wyoming Cowboy Days"
SHOSHONES:
Articles:
3"Meet a Shoshoni Who's Also in the Mayflower Society"
3"The Red Blooded All American Sound"
3"Sheridan Renews Indian Days"
3"The Shoshone: The Tribe of the Great Basin"
3"Shoshoni: A Mini Grammar"
3"Shoshonis: Sentinels of the Rockies" (2)
3"The Shoshoni Sister"
3"Thumbnail History of the Shoshone-Bannock Indians" (2)
3"Wind River Indian Reservation: Resume"
3"Wind River Reservation, Wyoming: Self-Guided Tour"
3No Title
Booklets:
3Days of Old Fort Hall: Indian Celebration, Fort Hall Indian ReservationJuly, 1952
3Gift of the Waters, Mary Montabe
3Life of Chief Washakie and Shoshone Indians, H. D. Del Monte, Deseret News Press1964
3The Question of Bannock Territory, Omar C. Stewart
3Newspaper Clippings (9)
Newspapers:
3"Pioneer Ed."
3"The Wyoming Churchman"
3"Wyoming State Journal" (3)
3"Wyoming State Tribune and Wyoming Eagle"
Pamphlets:
3Noble Hotel, Lander, Wyoming
3The Missionary District of Wyoming
3Shoshone: Arts and Crafts
Periodicals:
3Bits and Pieces, Volume 4, Number 4April 1968
3Playgrounds of the RockiesMay 1963
S Miscellaneous:
3Correspondence - TO: Author and Friend FROM: Savoie LottinvilleJune 10, 1967
3Interpretation of Indian Hieroglyphics
3Notes from a letter to Nellie Scott
3"Summer in Wyoming", magazine cover
UTES:
3Articles: "Facts About Unitah & Ouray Agency and Indian Reservation"
3Booklets: The Utes Are People With Ideas
Newspapers:
3"Uintah Basin Travel & Recreation" (2 issues)
3"The Ute Bulletin" (2 issues)
Pamphlets:
3Big U Country
3Bottle Hollow Resort & Convention Center
3Buffalo Run's Bottle Hollow
3Buffalo Run: Utah's Only Dude Resort (2)
3Dagget County: Home of Flaming Gorge
3Dinosaur Gardens
3Dinosaurland, Northeastern Utah (2)
3Discover Dinosaurland, Daggett, Duchesne
3Jolly Roger
3Jolly Roger Restaurant
3The State Parks of Utah
3Utah! National Park State
3Utah Story
3Postcards (2)
WEST OF PLYMOUTH:
3Articles: "Trenholm Honored In Platte County Programs"
3Newspaper Clippings (7)
WIND RIVER RESERVATION:
Articles:
3"Arapahoe Ranch Operating Agreement"
3"Wind River Reservation Resume as of December, 1976"December, 1976
3"Wind River Reservation Resume, Location"
3"Wyoming Citizens for Equality in Government"
Booklets:
3Fishing Regulations, Office of the Fish and Game Department1973
3The Wind River Reservation: Yesterday and Today
Maps:
3 Reservation
3Indian Country (3)
3Newspaper Clippings (27)
Pamphlets:
3Arapahoe Cultural Museum
3Big Wyoming, Wind River Reservation (2)
3Community Profile: Ft. Washakie, Wyoming.
3St. Micheal's Mission, Ethete
3Take a Look at the Wind River Reservation
Miscellaneous:
3Correspondence - TO: Virginia Trenholm FROM: The family of Chuck McAdamsundated
3Notes Taken Entirely from The Wind River Reservation - Yesterday and Today
WYOMING:
Articles:
3"In the Supreme Court, State of Wyoming"
3"Mama's Gone to Sit on the Jury"
3"Wyoming Celebrates Her Admission Into The Union"
3Booklets: "Wyoming, Some Historical Facts", Wyoming State Archives and Historical Department1972
Map Keys:
3Central Wyoming Brochure
3Northern Wyoming Brochure
3Southern Wyoming Brochure
3Western Wyoming Brochure
3Newspaper Clippings (2)
Newspapers:
3"Daily Sun"
3"Freeman Report"
3Periodicals: National Geographic, Volume 129, No. 4 April 1966
Miscellaneous:
3Correspondence - TO: John W. Meldrum (telegram) FROM: J. M. Caren (xerox)July 10, 1890
3Program for The Equal Rights Amendment Coalition
3Announcement
NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS:
4Arapahoe Clippings (64)
4Shonshone Clippings (39)
4Extra Clippings (31)
NEWSPAPERS:
4"Arizona" from The Arizona Republic, 5 pagesMarch 3, 1968
4"Arizona" from The Arizona Republic, 10 pagesJanuary 7, 1968
4"Education Section" from The Christian Science Monitor, 8 pagesNovember 10, 1975
4"Empire" from The Denver Post, 6 pagesSeptember 14, 1975
NOTEBOOKS:
4Blue Notebook: Contains pictures, clippings, correspondence, articles, publisher contracts, instructions on manuscript writings and proof reading; all concerning books written by Virginia Trenholm
4Blue Notebook: Contains articles, clippings, and pictures concerning books written by Virginia Trenholm
5Light Blue Notebook: Contains clippings, programs, correspondence, photographs, booklets, news letters, all concerning different aspects of Indians
5Blue Folder: "Nez Perce", articles and pictures of the Nez Perce, "Idaho's Indians"; also included, a clipping entitled "The Indian Renaissance"
5Plastic Folder: "The Old Depot", clippings from magazines pasted on purple paper. Also included, a magazine article, "The Trials of the Iron Horse"
5Red Folder: "Bob Warner", article 'Fort Laramie or Sublettes Fort, Near the Nebraska or Platte River'
PAMPHLETS:
5All American Indian Days. Sheridan, Wyoming, August 4-6, 19671967
5Black Hills Passion Play. Spearfish, South Dakota, June 3, 19791979
5Black Hills of South Dakota. Sturgis, South Dakota
5Devils Tower. National Park Service1973
5Grand Tetons. Jackson, Wyoming1979
5Grand Tetons. Jackson, Wyoming1979
5Missouri's Executive Mansion. Jefferson City, Missouri
5Native American Arts. National Park Service1978
5Oklahoma Tours. Tulsa, Oklahoma
5Old Fort Gibson. Muskogee, Oklahoma, August 23-24, 19751975
5The Passion Play. Black Hills
5Teton Village. Jackson Hole, Wyoming1979
5Tsa-La-Gi Inn. Tahlequah, Oklahoma
5Tsa-La-Gi. Cherokee National Historical Society1975
5Tsa-La-Gi. Cherokee National Historical Society
5Union Pacific. May 9, 19801980
PERIODICALS:
5"The American West". Volume XVI, Number 3May/June 1979
5"Arizona Highway". A Treasury1967
5"Arizona Highway"March 1975
5"The Conservationist"January-February 1976
5"The Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin". Volume XLII Number 1Fall 1975
5"Deskbook of the School of Journalism". Series 1381956
5"The Indian"September 22, 1968
5"Oklahoma Today". Volume 24, Number 4. 5 pagesAutumn 1974
5"Wyoming"1975
5"The Denver Post". "The Red Man's Last Struggle"1966
PHOTOGRAPHS:
Arapaho:
PHOTO (B-B644-L)Alexander, Jr., grandson of James Bordeaux. This picture was taken in his youth
PHOTO (B-Sa14)Andrew Brazil standing beside his father's grave. The Reverend John R. Robert's beside. The Wind River Sacagawea Indian Mission in backgroun.
PHOTO (In2-tri-arap)Arapaho Indians Smoking [Sketched by Theodore R. Davis, Harper's Weekly, June 29, 1967]
PHOTO (B-B863-m)Buffalo Meat, an Arapaho, follows the white man's road, while his two Cheyenne allies relax in Indian attire. Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians at Ben Beveridge's boarding house on 3rd St., Washington D. C.. Left to right: Buffalo Meat, Three Fingers, and Wolf Robe
PHOTO (B-W27)Chief Washakie. Painting by Henry H. Cross
PHOTO (B-B644-L)Louis Bordeaux, standing first on left, was an interpreter and a son of James Bordeaux. Left to right: Spotted Tail, Swift Bear, Sitting Bull and Red Cloud
PHOTO (B-B644-L)Mary Julia Bordeaux in her tribal costume
PHOTO (B-W27-f)Signing of the McLaughlin Agreement
PHOTO (In2-tri-arap)Southern Arapahoes in Council, near Colony, Oklahoma
Footprints:
PHOTO (R524-pla)Bridger's Ferry (Orin) on the Platte River
PHOTO (R151-hter)Hi Kelly Ranch
PHOTO (W994-jew)Johnson County Cattle Raiders, Prisoners at Ft. D. A. Russell, 1892
PHOTO (W994-jew)The Johnson County Invaders. Mike Shonsey (kneeling) third from left, second row. An odd assortment of Wyoming cattlemen and Texas gunmen
PHOTO (F775-bol)Major Powell, officer commanding in the "Wagon Box" fight. "Portugee Phillips" who made the famous ride from Ft. Kearney to Ft. Laramie in 1866
PHOTO (F775-La-h-eh)Old Bedlam (about 1880)
PHOTO (Ok4-t-dar)The Agency House at Darlington (Okla)
PHOTO (B-Am35ho)American Horse, Sioux Chief
PHOTO (In2-tri-arap)An Arapaho village of tepees in Whitewood Canyon, Wyoming, in 1870.
PHOTO (In2-tri-arap)Arapaho Camp
PHOTO (In2-tri-arap)Arapaho chief and Sub-chiefs with James Irwin Super-intendent at Fort Washakie. "They came with pipes to sue for peace. Note Black Coal's right hand with fingers missing"
PHOTO (In2-co)Arapaho Ghost Shirt, Showing Coloring
PHOTO (In2-co)Arapaho Moccassin
PHOTO (In2-da)Arapaho Sundance1938
PHOTO (In2-da)Arapaho Sundance1938
PHOTO (In2-tri-arap)Arapahoes at Estes Park (Oliver Toll Trip) July 1913
PHOTO (W994-Fest)At the Old Government Sawmill, Esterbrook
PHOTO (In2)Basin Indian home near Dayton, Nevada
PHOTO (In2-res-bel)Belknap Reservation, Montana, Gros Ventre Camp
PHOTO (W994-t-gl)Bellewood Hotel, Glendo
PHOTO (B-B561co)Black Coal
PHOTO (B-B562-c)Black Coyote's wife
PHOTO (B-B562-c) Black Coyote (Watan-gaa), a Southern Arapaho, Captain of Indian Police, School Commissioner, Deputy U.S. Sheriff, Marshal, a noted leader of the Ghost Dance, delegate to Washington in 18981898
PHOTO (C111)Bullock Cabin
PHOTO (685mi)"Cavalcade" A Green River Rendezvous
PHOTO (In2-tri-arap)Chief Black Coal with other Arapahoes waiting to see their president (Arthur)
PHOTO (B-T764-c)Chief Truckee
PHOTO (B-W27)Chief Washakie
PHOTO (B-W73)Chief Winnemucca
PHOTO (B-W73)Chief Winnemucca, the Paiute who helped bring an end to the Shoshoni uprising
PHOTO (B-B876wy)Col. W. G. Bullock
PHOTO (In2-da)The Crow Dance
PHOTO (In2-tri-arap)Decorated Arapaho tepees and Arapaho Indians at St. Louis Fair, 1904-1905. Watanga's tepee is 3rd from left1904-1905
PHOTO (M664-m-sart)English Manor on the Laramie Plains: Home of the Sartoris Brothers
PHOTO (In2-tri-sho)Evidence of two cultures. A Shoshoko (Kolmako, Elko, Nevada, 1898) wears white man's clothing but retains hair dress and feathers. Note facial tatoo, sometimes practiced by Basin Shoshones1898
PHOTO (F775-La)Exterior of Fort Laramie
PHOTO (B-M69fe)Fergie Mitchell
PHOTO (W994-t-whe)First building on the Wheatland Flats (2)
PHOTO (F775-La)Fort Laramie
PHOTO (F775-La)Fort Laramie, 1842
PHOTO (B-C785-F)Four Generations of Coopers
PHOTO (In2-da)The Ghost Dance. Woman chanting with arms raised, "Inspiration"
PHOTO (B-N192-g)Gilbert Natchez
PHOTO (In2-da)The Great Messiah Dance (Ghost Dance) at the Cheyenne-Arapaho camp near Fort Reno in June, 1890June 1890
PHOTO (5t135-hors)Horseshoe Station
PHOTO (W994-t-ch-hh)Hotel and Eating House, Cheyenne, Wyoming1868-1869
PHOTO (In2-ba-Lhh)"Indians Attacking Butterfield's Overland Dispatch Coach," from a field sketch by Theodore R. Davis. (Reverse side) "Custer's Last Fight,"
PHOTO (F775-La)Interior of Fort Laramie.
PHOTO (W994-coan-tc)"Jailhouse at the Kelly"
PHOTO (B-5h26j)Jim Shaw and grandson, Bobby Gray
PHOTO (B-En6)John Enos, guide for Bonneville and Fremont
PHOTO (B-G656-jh)John H. Gordon
PHOTO (In2-bat-was)John Otterby, Magpie, Little Beaver, and Left Hand et al at commemoration of the Battle of the Washita
PHOTO (W994-jew)The Johnson County Invaders
PHOTO (B-C18)Joseph M. Carey, 4th President (WSGA), 1883-1888
PHOTO (In2-tri-sh)Kolmako, Elko Nevada, showing evidence of two cultures. The Western Shoshones, unlike the Northern, sometimes tatooed their faces1898
PHOTO (5t135-La)La Bonte Stage Station in 1863
PHOTO (L32p-wy)Laramie Peak. From oil painting by J. R. Wilson
PHOTO (5t13c)Last Black Hills Coach leaving Cheyenne, February 19, 1887
PHOTO (In2-tri-sh)Little Soldier, Weber Ute (Shoshoni) Chief
PHOTO (In2)Lovelock 1896, Shoshoni or Paiute1896
PHOTO (In2-mm)Medicine man Gwo-wot (man without a wife) blessing a young sun dancerabout 1904
PHOTO (In2-be)Michele Portwood, Arapaho, of Riverton, Wyoming, Miss Indian America, 1964-651964-1965
PHOTO (R151-mor)The Moran Ranch
PHOTO (C111)Mountain home of Mr. and Mrs. W. C. Knight
PHOTO (B-B679a)Mr. Al Bowie
PHOTO (B-6654-d)Mr. and Mrs. Dave Gordon and daughter, Mary
PHOTO (B-R872-js)Mr. and Mrs. J. S. Krehbiel with (left to right): Cut Nose Woman, Merdie Huggan, Joseph Cook, Yellow Eyes, Effie Mason, and Singing Woman
PHOTO (B-H92ju)Mr. and Mrs. John Hunton by ruins of Officer's Quarters, Fort Laramie
PHOTO (B-R566-rd)Mr. and Mrs. R. D. Robinson
PHOTO (B-M618-6)Mr. and Mrs. Taylor Miller
PHOTO (B-B679a)Mrs. Al Bowie (2)
PHOTO (B-T272-K)Mrs. Karen Togerson and granddaughter, Tillie
PHOTO (B-Y85ma)Mrs. Young-Man-Afraid-of-Horses, Sioux, is working on a pair of beaded buckskin moccasins. Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota
PHOTO (B-Y272n)Ned Yates
PHOTO (B-5co85-n)Nellie Scott
PHOTO (B-5co85-n)Nel Scott
PHOTO (F775-La-b-ch)"Old Bedlam" - Fort Laramie
PHOTO (B-Y272n)On the Lower Laramie: Mr. and Mrs. Ned Yates and family
PHOTO (R524-La)On the North Laramie
PHOTO (In2-re)Painting of a Peyote ceremony (cut away of tepee showing circle and altar) and water woman at entrance of tepee
PHOTO (In2-tri-pia)Paiute. Five males, two sitting, three standing
PHOTO (In2-tri-pia)Paiute. One old man
PHOTO (In2-tri-pia)Paiute. One old woman
PHOTO (B-M164-p)Pete Macfarlane
PHOTO (In2-tri-po)Pocatello Braves
PHOTO (W994-t-chug)Portugee Phillips Residence at Chugwater. Swan Land and Cattle Co. Headquarters and Stage Station in background
PHOTO (L148-pyr)Pyramid Lake
PHOTO (W994-t-ch-rd)Railroad House, Cheyenne, Wyoming
PHOTO (W994-2g)The result of irrigation. A home on one of the irrigated farms
PHOTO (R151-rp)School at Reeder Place
PHOTO (In2-thi-shee)Sheepeater family encamped near head of Medicine Lodge Creek, Idaho
PHOTO (In2-tri-sh)Shoshoni Indian Camp in the Rockies
PHOTO (In2-tri-sh)Shoshoni Indian Family at tepee camp near Fort Washakieabout 1900
PHOTO (In2-tri-sh)Shoshoni, Sun Dancers1895
PHOTO (In2-tri-sh)Shoshoni Tribal Leaders: Front Row, Dick Washakie, Chief Washakie, and Tigee. Standing, Per-na-go-shia, Pan-Zook, So-pa-gant, and Mat-ta-vish
PHOTO (In2-tri-sh)Shoshoni, Young man, Snake River Agency, Fort Hall Reservation, Idaho
PHOTO (M864-rp-sib)Sibley Peak
PHOTO (In2-tri-sit)South Idaho Treaty - by Charles Christian Nahl
PHOTO (5t135-la)Station and Creek named for La Bonte
PHOTO (M664-m-sart)Style on the Laramie Plains, the Sartoris Brothers with their four-in-hand
PHOTO (B-G192-ts)T. S. Garrett - bull whacker
PHOTO (B-T131)Taihi, Shoshoni
PHOTO (B-T252wi)Tendoi
PHOTO (B-T252wi)Tendoi, "The Climber" in costume. Shoshoni, Lemhi Reservation, Idaho
PHOTO (B-T252wi)Tendoi, Shoshoni
PHOTO (W994-t-uv)Teschemacher Hotel, Uva
PHOTO (B-H7826)Tom Horn in Laramie County Jail
PHOTO (B-T131)Tyhee
PHOTO (B-R139h)Venerable Scots: W. F. Macfarlane (right), Harry Ralston (left), George Mitchell (center)
PHOTO (B-T723-v)Virginia Trenholm, authority on the Wind River Indians, stands by poster of Herman St. Clair, a Shoshoni, used abroad by the U. S. Travel Service to advertise travel in this country
PHOTO (B-L721ra)A Visit from Little Raven
PHOTO (In2-da-wd)War Dance at Fort Washakie. The Chief stands at left with tomahawk in hand
PHOTO (B-W27)Washakie at his cabin
PHOTO (In2-tri-sh)Washakie's band and encampment in southern foothills of Wind River Mts., Wyoming (South Pass)
PHOTO (B-W27)Washakie's biography [on an animal skin] (2).
PHOTO (In2-tri-sh)Western Shoshoni basket makers
PHOTO (R524-La)"Where the Laramie Flows"
PHOTO (M664-m-59m)Workers of the Sartoris Mine, Keystone
PHOTO (B-W917)Wovoka, the Paiute Prophet whose influence was felt especially at Fort Hall, which became a point of diffusion for his Ghost Dance religion
PHOTO (W125-Frw) _ayho bull outfit
PHOTO (W99-coun-jo) _ citizens of Johnson county who reserved a _tnesses at Laramie
Untitled:
PHOTO (In2-tri-mah)Digger Mahalas
PHOTO (In2-be)A Future Miss Indian America
PHOTO (B-B644-L)Man and woman double exposed against map of Wyoming
PHOTO (In2-be)Miss Indian America XI
PHOTO (P566-ea-p)Portait of woman dressed (elegantly) in white
PHOTO (In2-arti)Pots (woven), all Shoshoni
PHOTO (B-H782-L)Profile of a man
PHOTO (W990m)Wyoming map (4)
Black and white photographs (5X7) made from slides, labeled as follows:
PHOTO (In2-pic) Indian-Pictographs1) Evidence of prehistoric culture abounds in Wyoming where examples of rock art are found in the Dinwoody area and elsewhere. Petroglyphs showing characters such as these suggest Shoshonean origin, and it is believed that the figures represent the illusive "little people" (the NunumBi) who would shoot invisible arrows of misfourtune at anyone who displeased them
PHOTO (W994) Wyoming2) The term "Spanish Diggings" is a misnomer because there is no proof that the Spaniards entered Wyoming. The flakes you see are near the quarries in the southeastern part of the state. The unidentified, prehistoric Indians came great distances to mine the peculiar quartzite found there, and they scattered "flakes" or chips over approximately 400 square miles in Platte, Goshen, and Niobrara counties
PHOTO (In2-medw) Indian-Medicine Wheel3) The Medicine Wheel in the Big Horn Mountians near Shell, Wyoming was the shrine of early-day Indians, but the Shoshones and Mountian Crows who were in the area at the beginning of historic time disclaim any knowledge of its significance
PHOTO (In2-tri-shee) Indian-Tribe-Sheepeaters4) The Shoshonean Sheepeaters of Eastern Idaho and Northwestern Wyoming were, as their name suggests, dependent for food, clothing and shelter on mountain sheep. They were forced into the inaccessible recesses of the mountains by their aggressive neigbors, the "Horse Indians". The Shoshones have a legend that the Sheepeaters were destroyed by a convulsion of nature. On the contrary, they may have found life on the reservation preferable. Togwotee, a medicine man and subchief under Washakie, was the last known Sheepeater though skeletal remains of their tepees and sheep corrals may still be found in Yellowstone Park
PHOTO (In2) Indian5) The Shoshones, who came here first, had a Basin cultural background. The nation is divided into three main divisions: (1) the Western, in Nevada; (2) the Northern, in Idaho, as well as in Montana at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition; and (3) the Eastern, in Wyoming. There are serveral small groups, known as southern, in Utah. The Comanches are a splinter group of the Eastern Shoshones, from who they broke away. They migrated southward in the 1700s. Little is known about the Staitans except that they were allies and forerunners of the Cheyennes
PHOTO (In2-tri-sh) Indian-Tribe-Shoshone6) This is a camp of Eastern Shoshones as it might have looked at the time the first white men arrived. The horse was acquired through the Comanches from the Spaniards. In fact, the Shoshones were the first to introduce horses on the Northern Plains of Canada. They took them north on the west side of the Rockies to avoid their enemies
PHOTO (In2-tri-gr) Indian-Tribe-GrosVentre7) The Arapahoes comprise a splinter group from the Gros Ventres (Big Bellies) in Canada. These two Gros Ventres Indians, of Montana, show how comely they are. In late prehistoric times, the tribe, known under various names, camped along the South Sasketchewan, the "Belly River". Its name probably resulted from a curve in its course. Those in the splinter group, migrating southward through the Crow country, were called "Tattooed People". The Crow word sounded like A-ra-pa-hoe, which might account for their name. There is no "r" in their language
PHOTO (B-B561-C) Watanga/Black Coyote8) This is Watanga (Black Coyote), a Southern Arapahoe for whom a town in Oklahoma is named. The tattooes on his chest indicate that he is an Arapahoe. The scars on his arms are a result of flesh sacrifice he made to the sun when his children were dying from a mysterious cause. In the '90's, he was a Ghost Dance leader. That is the reasom he holds the crow, the symbol of the Ghost Dance, on his knee
PHOTO (In2) Indian9) This early map shows the lands occupied by the Plains tribes in pink and the Basin in grey. It includes the Shoshones of Wyoming in the Basin area. This was before the Eastern bands had assimilated Plains culture, which was a gradual process
PHOTO (In2) Indian10) A more recent map, by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, includes the marginal tribes in the Plains area. The Eastern Shoshones became Plains Shoshones, after having assumed the more dominant culture. Before coming to the northern plains, where the Arapahoes probably roamed before America was discovered, they are believed to have loved in an area north of the Red River of Minnesota
PHOTO (In2) Indian11) The Crows were in Northwestern Wyoming when the Arapahoes migrated from the Assiniboine River, in Canada, in the late 1700's. The Kiowa-Apaches were in the Black Hills for a time before the arrival of the Araphoes, who were followed by the Cheyennes. The Kiowas, with their few Apache connections, drifted southward, and the Cheyennes absorbed the Staitans. The Cheyennes, after their arrival in the Black Hills, encouraged the Sioux, who came in ever increasing numbers. The Cheyennes and Arapahoes were closely allied to maintain a balance of power with the Sioux
PHOTO (M32-Lp) Map-Louisiana Purchase12) The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 added to the area of the United States by about one third. Though unexplored by the white man, it was Indian country. The first white explorers were sent to find a land route to the West Coast
PHOTO (N213p-yel) National Park-Yellowstone13) Two members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition were of special interest in Wyoming. They were Sacajawea and John Colter. Sacajawea, the Shoshone wife of Charbonneau, the guide for the expedition, carried her baby on a cradleboard, strapped to her back, the full distance to the West Coast from Fort Mandan, North Dakota. In Montana, she encountered her brother, Cameahwait, chief of the Northern Shoshones, and she helped the explorers establish friendly relations. Colter gave such a fantastic description of the geysers and bubbling mud pots he found in Northwestern Wyoming that the name "Colter's Hell" was applied to Yellowstone Park
PHOTO (T681-o) Trail-Oregon14) South Pass, which was discovered by the trappers and traders, was the only route through the mountians known to the emigrants. This picture shows that it resembles a high, wide plain. Throngs went over South Pass to expand the nation
PHOTO (T681-o) Trail-Oregon15) Artist - Photographer William H. Jackson shows Smith, Jackson (David E.), and Sublette, blazing the trail for the emigrants to follow
PHOTO (B-B764-j) Bridger, Jim16) Jim Bridger came to Wyoming as a trapper in 1822. Many years later he took his Shoshone wife, Rutta, back to Missouri, renamed her Mary Washakie, and married her in the white man's manner
PHOTO (In2) Indian17) This map shows that the Sioux had taken over the Black Hills by 1830. The Arapahoes, followed by the Cheyennes, had drifted southward. The Cheyennes were in the Cheyenne, Wyoming, area and the Arapahoes in Northern Colorado, where the Denver area became their Heartland. The Sioux had pushed the Crows west into the Power River area
PHOTO (W994) Wyoming18) During the Rendezvous Period, the trappers assembled in the peaceful beaver-rich Shoshone country for their trade events. There the trappers, traders and Indians would meet at a specified time and place to exchange commodities and celebrate. All of the rendezvous were held in Shoshone country, with half on Green River and its tributaries
PHOTO (B-M612aj-p) Miller, Alfred Jacob-Paintings19) Alfred Jacob Miller, the first great artist to follow the trail, depicts the friendly spirit of the Indians in this picture he called "Shoshone Hospitality"
PHOTO (B-M612aj-p) Miller, Alfred Jacob-Paintings20) The Shoshones, as well as the Comanches, were great horsemen. Miller portrays a cavalcade, approaching a Green River Rendezvous. The Chief on the white horse is Moh-woom-ha, Washakie's predecessor
PHOTO (B-M612aj-p) Miller, Alfred Jacob-Paintings21) This Miller painting is the only picture extant of old Fort William at the mouth of the Laramie River on the North Platte. It was built in 1834 for permanent trade with the Indians through the rendezvous was not over. The farsighted traders could tell that the future lay in buffalo robes, so they established their trading post in the middle of buffalo country. About the same time, Bent's Fort was founded on the Arkansas River. The two forts were largely reponsible for the two divisions of the Cheyenne and Arapahoe into the Northern and Southern branches. Traders marrying into the tribes acquired not only wives but also their extended families and even their bands
PHOTO (F775-jo) Fort-John22) Seven years after Fort William was constructed, the logs had begun to decay, so a more substantial building was erected in the general area though the exact location of the old fort cannot be pinpointed. The new fort, Fort John, was named for John Sarpy, a trader. The original fort was thought to have been named for William Sublette
PHOTO (B-M612aj-p) Miller, Alfred Jacob-Paintings23) Moh-woom-ha is shown here wearing a bearclaw necklace which shows that he is a man of distinction. The portrait is by Alfred Jacob Miller
PHOTO (In2-pic) Indian Pictographs24) Petroglyphs are usually of an ancient origin, but this may have been made in historic times. It could have been made as recently as 1840, when Father DeSmet baptized at the Treaty Council of 1851. The man holding the two crosses maight have been "The Black Robe", DeSmet. The encirclement suggests a completed story. The Arapahoes did not forget that 300 children were baptized and of that number many died. Their death was blamed on the white man's religion
PHOTO (F775-br) Fort-Bridger25) Fort Laramie, a favorite trading place of the Sioux, was the first settlement in Wyoming; Fort Bridger, in Western Wyoming, the second. Louis Vasquez, Bridger's French-Spanish partner, preferred their establishment in Salt Lake, thus leaving Bridger among the Indians - that is, until trouble resulted when the Mormons accused him of furnishing guns to the Indians to shoot Mormons. He did provide guns for the Shoshones to defend themselves when they went into enemy country fo the Great Treaty Council of 1851. When a warrant was issued for his arrest, he lef the country. His fort was later bought by the Saints and used for a trading post and mail sation
PHOTO (F775-la-dr) Fort-Laramie-Drawings26) This picture shows old Fort John in relation to Fort Laramie, a later name for the same trading post. It was purchased for a military post in 1849 to supply and protect emigrants on the Oregon-Mormon-California Trail
PHOTO (La148-fre) Lake-Fremont27) Fremont Lake was named after General John Charles Fremont, who was popularly known as "the Pathfinder". The paths had been found by the buffalo and the Indians and had b-en clearly defined by the trappers and traders. Fremont made his contribution by mapping the trail. He named the streams and indicated the distance between campsites. He should have been called the "Pathmarker", for he rendered a great service to the emigrants
PHOTO (In2) Indian28) This map shows the location of tribes at the time of the Great Treaty Council of 1851. By then the Sioux had pushed the Crows from the Powder River country over to the Big Horn and Wind River. This area brought them in conflict with the Shoshones and Bannocks who had considered this their hunting grounds for generations
PHOTO (In2) Indian29) This shows more clearly the aboriginal domain of Wyoming's two tribes, the Shoshones and Arapahoes. The Shoshones and Bannocks were to the west and the Cheyennes and Arapahoes "between the rivers" - the Platte and Arkansas
PHOTO (In2) Indian30) In 1828, an area in the central part of the United States was designated Indian Territory. Like all Indian lands, it diminished into what was later known as Oklahoma. An effort was made to locate all Indians in this area
PHOTO (In2) Indian31) This is the way Oklahoma, or "Indian Territory", looked in 1899. All reservations, with the exception of the Osage, have been terminated. The Osage Indians have kept their lands and their mineral rights, and as a consequence are better off than the other Indian tribes in the state
PHOTO (B981-cro) Butte-Crowheart32) Since the Shoshones were merely guests at the Treaty Council of 1851, they had no say regarding the designated areas. They eventually settled their claim to their hunting grounds when they defeated the Crows at the fabled Battle of Crowheart Butte
PHOTO (F775-br) Fort-Bridger33) In 1857, when it appeared that the Mormons might secede and establish Deseret, an independent empire, Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston was sent west to bring the Saints in line. The so-called Mormon War, which resulted, was actually a "push", with the Mormons "burning their bridges behind them" as they withdrew to Salt Lake. All that Johnston found at Fort Bridger was the stone wall they had so arduously built. After a miserable winter, both the Mormons and the "gentiles" were ready to talk peace. Though the Shoshones have been said to have been neutral, Washakie's patience had been tried by settlers coming into his country. Labeling all as Mormons, he considered this an excellent opportunity to run them out, so he offered 1,200 warriors to the service of the Army for Utah, as Johnston's army was called. His offer was refused, and he lived out his life, pleased by the thought that he had never harmed a white man
PHOTO (T681-ch) Trail-Cherokee34) The Overland Telegraph Line was finished along the Emigrant Trail, in 1861, but the Sioux became so hostile along the Platte the following year that freighters and emigrants were rerouted an another trail going through Colorado and following a so-called Cherokee Trail over the Laramie Plains and westward. The trail was given its name because a band of Cherokees followed its course in going to California during the gold rush. The new trail avoided the Sioux, but it went through Arapahoe country in the Medicine Bow area
PHOTO (T681-ch) Trail-Cherokee35) These emigrants are seen along the Overland Stage Route, as the new trail was known
PHOTO (In2-tri-arap) Indian-Tribe-Araphoe36) This tepee belonged to Little Raven, head chief of the Southern Araphoes. When he saw that trouble was brewing at Sand Creek (in Colorado) he folded his tent and went down the Arkansas. His subchief Left Hand was ill at the time, so he remained at Fort Lyon. Just what became of him is still a matter of conjecture. It is not known whether he was killed during the attack or that he joined Little Raven. Though he was reportedly killed, the Left Hand who became chief after Little Raven answers to his description
PHOTO (F775-cas) Fort-Caspar37) The major battle of 1865, "the bloody year on the plains", took place at Platte Bridge. This is reconstructed Fort Caspar. The survivors of the attack at Sand Creek on an unarmed camp of Cheyennes and Arapahoes did not wait for spring to retaliate. In January, after making two devastating raids on Julesburg, Colorado, they swept northward into Wyoming
PHOTO (B-R245-c) Red Cloud38) Red Cloud was so incensed when he discovered the white man freighting in supplies to build forts on the Bozeman Trail through his Powder River hunting grounds that he refused to take part in the council. Three forts were constructed, but they were under constant siege. Red Cloud would not talk peace until the forts were abandoned
PHOTO (F775-pk) Fort - Phil Kearny39) The Indians called Fort Phil Kearny "the hated fort on the Little Piney". The Fetterman Massacre, near the fort, was the major incident during the Red Cloud War, 1866. When the three posts were abandoned, Red Cloud reluctantly came to Fort Laramie, where he signed the Treaty of 1868, removing the Sioux from Wyoming to South Dakota
PHOTO (B-L727-s) Little Shield40) Little Shield, a well known Arapahoe chief, was for many years the mascot of the Plains Hotel in Cheyenne, Wyoming. His picture was on its official stationary and napkins; his likeness, immortalized in the tile floor; and his profile, emblazoned on a neon sign
PHOTO (In2-tri-arap) Indian-Tribe-Araphoe41) Chief Cut Nose is tapping his left breast to indicate he is a Northern Arapahoe. He is shown here in council with Gen. W. S. Hancock
PHOTO (B-H468-m) Medicine Man42) Medicine Man, pictured with his family, was head chief of the Northern Arapahoe before they were placed on the reservation in 1878. The Shoshones, who finally sued the government for the land the Arapahoes had occupied on a "temporary" basis 60 years, won their case and were paid. Since 1938, the reservation has been jointly owned by the two tribes
PHOTO (In2-tri-arap)43) The Medicine Lodge Treaty Council (1867) was designed to relocate the Cheyennes and Arapahoes displaced by the debacle at Sand Creek. The two tribes had previously relinquished their land "between the rivers" for a reservation at Sand Creek. This was managed throught the Fort Wise Treaty. Once again, the Indians were to be moved. The woman in the artist's sketch is Maggie Poisal Fitzpatrick, the Arapahoe wife of Thomas Fitzpatrick, first agent for the Platte River tribes (the Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapahoe) and the Southern on the Arkansas. Little Raven insisted on having her as an interpreter as she was the only one he could trust - he had been lied to many times
PHOTO (F775-la-in) Fort-Laramie-IndiansPHOTOGRAPHS: 44) Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians attending the Fort Laramie Treaty Council of 1868 with the "Seven Wise Men of the Great White Father" the Peace Commisioners.1868
PHOTO (W646-buf) Wildlife-Buffalo45) Buffalo were still plentiful enough to stop the trains when the railroad was built through Wyoming in 1868-69
PHOTO (In2-tri-sh) Indian-Tribe-Shoshone46) The aboriginal domain of the Shoshones and Bannock is diminished into the Wind River Reservation (in black) and the Fort Hall Reservation (in white)
PHOTO (In2) Indian47) This map of the Wind River Reservation shows the Riverton Irrigation Project in the large white area. Riverton, a municipality, is actually on the reservation. Lander is just below the southern border
PHOTO (In2-res-wi) Indian-Reservation-Wind River48) The old Block House, where ammunition was stored, is the last landmark at Camp Brown, later renamed Fort Washakie in honor of the chief. Prior to Camp Brown, there was a camp at the present site of Lander, known as Camp Augur. It was established for the protection of the Shoshones, who were harassed by the Platte River Indians
PHOTO (B-W27) Washakie49) Charlie Washakie, son of the chief, was an outstanding artist. Here is his hide painting of his father's exploits
PHOTO (B-F912) Friday50) Thomas Fitzpatrick discovered a foundling along the trail, so he named him Friday for the day he was found and sent him to St. Louis to be educated. He later returned to his tribe and served as an interpreter and a peace chief
PHOTO (B-B561-co) Black Coal51) Dr. James Irwin, agent at the Wind River Reservation in 1878, is pictured with a delegation of Northern Arapahoes who came with their peace pipes to request that they be allowed to reside on the reservation. Chief Black Coal (Tag-ge-tha-the, Shot-Off-Fingers) proudly displays his battle scars
PHOTO (B-B561-co) Black Coal52) Official picture of Black Coal in his warbonnet. Though he was a Catholic convert, an Episcopal Bishop referred to him as the "unsung" hero of the Rockies. He insisted that children attend school and learn the language and ways of the white men
PHOTO (B-W27) Washakie53) This is Washakie's best known picture. He once complained that the Arapahoes had "too many chiefs". In his long life he saw many come and go. When he finally died at the approximate age of 100 years, he was given a burial with full military honors. He is said to have been the only Indian chief so honored
PHOTO (In2-tri-arap) Indian-Tribe-Araphoe54) The Fletcher family was among those attacked in the vicinity of Arlington, Wyoming, in 1865. A thirteen-year-old girl (Amanda Mary) was abducted by the Cheyennes, her two-year-old sister (Lizzie) by the Arapahoes. Amanda Mary was ransomed about a year or so later, but Lizzie grew up among the Arapahoes, married John Brokenhorn, and had a son, Walks Ahead. Lizzie's Indian name was Kills-in-Time, probably in reference to the fact that her mother was killed at the time of the attack. When Indian names were anglicized she became Sarah and her son Columbus. She is generally referred to as "the White Indian Girl". When she was identified by her sister, she refused to admit she was white, though she had red hair, fair skin, and freckles. She lived out her life among the Arapahoes and she never learned to speak English
PHOTO (In2-tri-arap) Indian-Tribe-Araphoe55) In 1881, a group of children were rounded up and taken from the Wind River Reservation to Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania. The Arapahoes, bearing such names as Shakespeare, Lincoln, and Gerfield, outnumbered the Shoshones, here shown in hats. Acculturation - the imposition of the white culture on the Indian - was now underway
PHOTO (B-B561-co) Black Coal56) When President Arthur visited the reservation in 1883, the Shoshones and Araphoes dressed up to meet him. Black Coal is seen on the back row, far right, but Washakie is missing. He remained in his lodge because, according to his idea of Indian protocol, the President should come to see him, which he did
PHOTO (B-R542-j) Roberts, John57) In 1883, Reverend John Roberts came from Wales to the reservation as a missionary. He had requested that he be sent to the wildest tribe in the country. When he arrived, the only thing wild he found was the weather. It was 60 degrees below zero
PHOTO (In2-res-wi) Indian-Reservation-Wind River58) This is the first school house and mission on the Wind River Reservation. It still stands in the Shoshone Cemetary west of Fort Washakie
PHOTO (In2-res-wi) Indian-Reservation-Wind River59) Reverend Roberts had a boarding school for girls. To keep from being lonesome, a tepee was erected in the yard
PHOTO (B-B561-co) Black Coal60) Rev. Sherman, center, with Standing Horse, left and Black Coal. Coolidge, a full-blooded Arapahoe, was raised and educated for the ministry by and army officer whose name he took. He was working under Reverand Roberts when he suggested that he find out if his people in the upper area of the Arapahoe side of the reservation would like to have an Episcopal mission. There answer was, "Ethete", meaning good. This was the name of the post office at the mission
PHOTO (In2-mis-smm) Indian-Mission-St. Michael's Mission61) St. Michael's Mission at Ethete is built in the form of a camp circle
PHOTO (In2-mis-smm) Indian-Mission-St. Stephens Mission62) Since the Episcopal Church was already established on the reservation, it was assigned to that church in line with the policy at that time. A year later the Catholics arrived. The agent suggested that the priest establish a mission among the Araphoes, with St. Stephens eventually resulting. This is the main building which houses, among other things, the post office, St. Stephens, Wyoming
PHOTO (In2-mis-smm) Indian-Mission-St. Stephens Mission63) The Catholic Church at St. Stephens was painted white by the teenagers, then decorated inside and out by Raphael Norse, a talented Arapahoe artist. The Arapahoes use geometric designs in their art work. The "Shoshone Rose" (any flower like object) has almost become a trademark of the Wind River Shoshones
PHOTO (In2-mis-em) Indian-Mission-Ethete Mission)64) Ethete also has a Catholic Church, decorated by Norse
PHOTO (B-W917) Wovoka)65) Around 1890, the Ghost Dance "craze" swept the Indian country, with the Fort Washakie serving as a point of diffusion. The ritualistic Arapahoes entered the spirit of it enthusiastically, but the Shoshones were skeptical. Wovoka, a Nevada Paiute, started the movement which ended in tragedy for the Sioux at Wounded Knee
PHOTO (B-Si88-b) Sitting Bull66) Sitting Bull, a Northern Arapahoe, took the concept to the South, where the Indians took part by the thousands. He was second only to Wovoka until Wooden Lance, a Kiowa, challenged him to debate. Sitting Bull, who was defeated, was succeeded by Black Coyote, who continued to believe until the concept finally died out in the South just as Capt. Hugh L. Scott predicted it would. He had been sent by the government to investigate
PHOTO (In2-da-od) Indian-Oaohee-Ghost Dance67) The Ghost Dance concept was based on the belief that if the Indians danced the Naroya-a sliding sidestep - for three days, sang the prescribed songs, and used the paint, the dead Indians and buffalo would return and the white man would disappear. This gave hope to a discouraged peopled until they became disillusioned
PHOTO (In2-tri-arap) Indian-Tribe-Araphoe68) The Ghost Dance shirt was thought to be impervious to bullets
PHOTO (In2-pey) Indian-Peyote Ceremony69) This is a Peyote Cult meeting, drawn by Carl Sweezy, a gifted Southern Arapahoe artist. The Water Woman brings in water as part of the ceremony. The cult had its beginning in the South. It is believed to have flourished some time before it was brought to the Wind River Reservation by William Shakespeare, an Arapahoe. The Shoshones practiced the Comanche and Kiowa ways, the Arapahoes, the Arapahoe - that is, until became standardized by the Native American Church. Peyote is used as a sacrament, just as wine in the white man's church
PHOTO (B-Sh23-n) Sharp Nose70) Sharp Nose, who was head chief of the Northern Arapahoes after Black Coal, was the last chief to retain his Indian name without change, and his two wives, until his death. He died in 1900, the same year as Washakie
PHOTO (In2-tri-arap) Indian-Tribe-Araphoe71) Two Arapahoes at Carlisle Indian School are shown doing "squaw work", and they do not seem too happy about it
PHOTO (B-B863-m) Buffalo Meat72) This excellent acculturation picture shows an Arapahoe dressed in white man's attire in an effort to conform. The two Cheyennes are relaxed in their native dress
PHOTO (B-438-c) Washakie-Family73) Yellow Calf was the last recognized Arapahoe chief. When names were anglicized, he was given the name George Caldwell, which he used for legal matters only. The Indians did not have surnames, so the name of the head of the family was considered the family name, unless in translated form it might be objectionable. A first name was then added
PHOTO (B-W27-f) Washakie-Family74) The McLaughlin Agreement if 1904 further diminished the reservation. Previously the southern part had tobe relinquished to satisfy mining claims. Sherman Coolidge, in overcoat, looks in while Yellow Calf signs
PHOTO (In2-da-sh) Indian-Dance-Shoshone75) The Sun Dance did not originate with the Arapahoes, but they perfected it. They call the Sun Dance Lodge the Offerings Lodge, with the Center Pole representing Man Above, or the Supreme Power. The scarves hanging from the overhead beams are symbolic of the offerings brought to the ceremony. The Shoshones and the Arapahoes have their own Sun Dances
PHOTO (B-W27) Washakie76) This is believed to be Chief Washakie's last picture
PHOTO (In2-tri-arap) Indian-Tribe-Araphoe77) In the 1920s Tim McCoy organized a group of Arapahoes to take part in the "Covered Wagon" movie. This picture was taken on the steps of the Wyoming State Capitol. Lizzie Brokenhorn is on the front row in her warbonnet1920s
PHOTO (In2-tri-sh) Indian-Tribe-Shoshone78) Since Wyoming is known as the Equality State, it is interesting to note that Irene Kinnear Meade was the first woman on the Shoshone Tribal Council, in 1930. She also had the distinction of being a charter member of the Wyoming Mayflower Society, through her father Napoleon Bonaparte Kinnear. She was the ganddaughter of Jim Baker and Meateetse
PHOTO (B-Sco85-n) Scott, Nellie79) Nellie Scott, whose mother was a foundling on the battlefield, did not know which tribe she belonged to, but she was on the Shoshone roll at first. Then she was dropped because of a technicality and picked up by Yellow Calf on the Arapahoe. In 1935, she was the first woman on the Arapahoe Tribal Council, where she served for 37 years
PHOTO (In2-tri-sh) Indian-Tribe-Shoshone80) When the symbolic wagon train went through Shoshone country in the fall of 1975, on its way to Fort Laramie to spend the winter, it made camp on the Sweetwater. There the Shoshones entered the Bicentennial spirit by pitching their tepees along the stream as they did in pre-reservation times. It was reminiscent of Alfred Jacob Miller's painting, "Shoshone Hospitality". It ever so briefly, history repeated itself1975
MISCELLANEOUS:
5Accomodations Information - Tsa-la-gi Area
5Bibliography of Cherokees (2)
5Cherokee National Historical Society, Inc. The Cherokee National Museum (2)
5Diagram-Organization of Wyoming Government
5Envelope-Hotel Plains
5Fact Sheet-Cherokee National Historical Society, Inc. Tsa-la-gi. July 1974 (2), July 1975 (1)1974-1975
5Library Index Card: The Shoshonis, Sentinels of the Rockies, by Virginia Cole Trenholm
5List of persons honoured by the Midwest Region
5Postcard: Medicine Lodge Stockade
5Program Fact Sheet - Tsa-la-gi1975
5Selected List of Portaits of Prominent Indians
(C47-con-ww) Church-Congregational-Wheatland, wyo.Booklet: WHEATLAND'S FIRST CHURCH, by Virginia Cole Trenholm. In Commemoration of the 62nd Anniversary Union Congregational Church Wheatland, Wyoming, July 7, 1957. Reprinted from ANNALS OF WYOMINGApril 1957
(B-T723vc) Manuscript: "The Wind River Indians", a lecture delivered before the Albany County Historical Society, Laramie, Wyoming, by Virginia Cole Trenholm. Xerox copy of her notes with annotationsMay 17, 1971
(B-T723-vc) Booklet: "Amanda Mary and the Dog Soldiers", by Virginia Cole Trenholm. Reprinted from ANNALS OF WYOMING, Vol. 46, No. 1, Spring 1974. The Lusk Herald, Lusk, Wyoming1974